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Human Histology > (F) Lec 5: The Endocrine System > Flashcards

(F) Lec 5: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endocrine organs?

A

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Placenta
Gonads

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2
Q

Where are hormones released?

A

Blood stream

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3
Q

Master gland

A

Pituitary

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4
Q

Organ that has both endocrine and exocrine function

A

Pancreas

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5
Q

Other name for adrenal glands

A

Suprarenal glands

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6
Q

Two portion of pituitary gland

A

Anterior and posterior

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7
Q

Pars found in anterior pituitary

A

o Pars distalis
o Pars tuberalis
o Pars intermedia

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8
Q

Pars found in posterior pituitary

A

Pars nervosa

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9
Q

Other name for posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysis

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10
Q

Refers to:

→ The part of the pituitary that develops from the neural ectoderm
→ Consists of the pars nervosa and the infundibulum
→ Pars nervosa or infundibular process

A

Neurohypophysis or Posterior Pituitary

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11
Q

Other name for anterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis

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12
Q

Refers to:

→ The part of the pituitary that arises from the oral
ectoderm
→ Subdivided into 3 portions:
➢ Pars distalis
➢ Pars tuberalis
➢ Pars intermedia

A

Adenohypophysis or Anterior Pituitary

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13
Q

Pars of anterior pituitary;

Covers the majority

A

Pars distalis

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14
Q

Pars of anterior pituitary;

Intermediate between pars
distalis and pars nervosa

A

Pars intermedia

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15
Q

Pars of anterior pituitary;

funnel shaped on the infundibulum

A

Pars tuberalis

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16
Q

T or F: There are hormones from the pituitary

A

True (though they come from the hypothalamus)

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17
Q

Two types of cells in the pars distalis of the pituitary

A

Chromophils and Chromophobe cells

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18
Q

Two types of chromophils cells

A

Acidophils and Basophils

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19
Q

Secretion of acidophilic chomophils

A

Growth hormone and proclactin

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20
Q

Secretion of basophilic chomophils

A

TSH, FSH, LH/ICCSH, ACTH

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21
Q

Familiarize the secretions of pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone

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22
Q

Cell in pars distalis which refers to:

→ Stain weakly with few or no secretory granules
→ Represent a heterogenous group
→ Including stem and undifferentiated progenitor cells
as well as any degranulated cells present

A

Chromophobe cells

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23
Q

Cells in the pars tuberalis are called as?

A

Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH/ICSH)

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24
Q

Pars of anterior pituitary;

→ Funnel shaped region surrounding the infundibulum
→ Most of the cells here are gonadotrophs

A

Pars tuberalis

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25
Q

Pars of anterior pituitary;

→ A rudimentary region made up of cords, darkly
basophilic cells that present small secretory granules
→ Follicles lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Pars intermedia

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26
Q

LE of pars intermedia

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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27
Q

Characteristic feature of pars intermedia, defined as a colloid

A

Rathke’s cysts

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28
Q

Hormone secreted by pars intermedia

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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29
Q

T or F: MSH in the pars intermedia is secreted by the rathke’s cysts

A

False (Pars intermedia cells)

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30
Q

Target organ of MSH

A

Skin (Epidermiss na kita T____T)

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31
Q

Which specific cells secrete TSH?

A

Thyrotropic cells (Thyrotophic cells are chromophils din kaya sige ok I accept your answer)

32
Q

Specific cells that secrete prolactin

A

Mammotropic cells

33
Q

Specific cells that secrete ACTH

A

Corticotropic cells

34
Q

Specific cells that secrete GH

A

Somatotrophic cells

35
Q

Specific cells that secrete FSH and LH

A

Gonadotrophic cells

36
Q

Specific cells that secrete MSH

A

Pars intermedia cells

37
Q

Characteristic cell of pineal gland

A

Pinealocytes

38
Q

What do pinealocytes secrete?

A

Melatonin

39
Q

T or F: Melanin controls the sleep-wake cycle

A

False (melatonin)

40
Q

Cells found in the pineal gland

A

Instertitial cells and pinealocytes

41
Q

Pineal gland cells which refers to:

➢ Slightly basophilic cytoplasm, with
➢ Large irregular nuclei
➢ Sharply defined nucleoli

A

Pinealocytes

42
Q

Pineal gland cells which refers to:

➢ Elongated nuclei
➢ Stain more heavily than parenchymal cells
➢ Between cords of pinealocytes and perivascular
areas

A

Interstitial cells

43
Q

T or F: Characteristic feature of pineal gland is the pinealocytes

A

False (That’s the characteristic cell, charac feature = corpora arenacea)

44
Q

Refers to:

➢ Age causes an increase in the amount of connective tissue in the pineal body
➢ Formation of calcified bodies in the parenchyma of the organ

A

Brain sands/ Psammoma bodies/ Corpora
areanacea

45
Q

Refers to:

→ Composed of follicles
→ Composed of follicles
→ Simple cuboidal epithelium
→ Simple squamous to low columnar cells
→ Lumen contains a gelatinous substance.

A

Thyroid gland

46
Q

Cells in the thyroid that synthesize and secrete T4 and T3

A

Follicular cells

47
Q

What does the lumen in thyroid gland contain?

A

Thyroglobulin

48
Q

What does T3 and T4 stimulate?

A

Metabolic rate

49
Q

Cell in thyroid gland that refers to:

➢ Small isolated clusters of pale staining cells
➢ Found between thyroid follicles
➢ Synthesis and secretion of calcitonin
➢ Reduction in the concentration of calcium in the
blood by inhibiting bone resorption

A

Parafollicular cells/ C-cells/ Clear cells

50
Q

Type of secretion in the thyroid that reduces the concentration of calcium

A

Calcitonin

51
Q

Parenchyma of thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells

52
Q

Cells in thyroid that secrete calcitonin

A

C cells

53
Q

Refers to:

→ Covered by connective tissue capsule that sends
septa to the parenchyma
→ Chief or Principal Cells (parenchyma)

A

Parathyroid gland

54
Q

Parenchyma of parathyroid

A

Principal cells

55
Q

Refers to:

Secretes parathyroid hormones; increases calcium.

A

Chief or principal cells

56
Q

These cells in the parathyroid are also polygonal in shape but larger than chief cells

A

Oxyphil cells

57
Q

Refers to:

→ Rounded clusters embedded within the exocrine
pancreatic tissue
→ Polygonal or rounded cells arranged in cords
→ Separated by a network of sinusoid-like blood
capillaries
→ Fine reticular capsule surrounds each islet

A

Islets of Langerhans

58
Q

Cells in the Islet of Langerhans

A

Alpha, beta, delta

59
Q

Secretion of alpha cells and function

A

Glucagon - increases sugar

60
Q

Secretion of beta cells and function

A

Insulin - decreases sugar

61
Q

Secretion of delta cells and function

A

Somastostatin - unknown

62
Q

Refers to:

→ Paired organs that lie near the superior poles of the
kidney, embedded in the pararenal adipose tissue
and fascia
▪ Also known as the Suprarenal gland
→ Flattened structures with a half moon shape
→ A dense connective tissue capsule covers the glands

A

Adrenal glands

63
Q

2 main layers of adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

64
Q

Three zonas of adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

65
Q

Adrenal cortex zona;

→ Comprises about 15% of the cortex
→ Columnar or pyramidal shaped cells
→ Arranged in closely packed, rounded or arched clusters
→ Surrounded by capillaries
→ Secrete mineralocorticoids primarily aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

66
Q

Adrenal cortex zona;

→ Cells are arranged in straight cords that run at right
angle to the surface of the organ
→ Polyhedral, central nucleus, slightly basophilic
cytoplasm

A

Zona fasciculata

67
Q

Adrenal cortex zona;

→ Comprises about 10% of the cortex
→ Cells dispersed in irregular cords
→ Cells are small and cytoplasm is acidophilic

A

Zona reticularis

68
Q

Adrenal cortex zona;

➢ Majority of secretion are glucocorticoids.
➢ Minor secretion – 17 keto steroids

A

Zona fasciculata

69
Q

Adrenal cortex zona;

➢ Major secretion – 17 ketosteroids
➢ Minor secretion – glucocorticoids

A

Zona reticularis

70
Q

Layer of adrenal gland which refers to:

→ Central layer of the organ
→ Polyhedral epithelioid cells arranged in cords forming
a complete network
→ Surrounded by capillaries and venules and a few
sympathetic ganglions

A

Adrenal medulla

71
Q

Secretion of zona glomerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

72
Q

Secretion of adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines, epinephrine and
norepinephrine

73
Q

T or F: Pituitary gland have an effect on the adrenal medulla but none on adrenal cotex

A

False (baliktad)

74
Q

Refers to:

A major endocrine gland delivering directly in the maternal blood, hormones that are essential for the continuance of pregnancy

A

Placenta

75
Q

Secretion of placenta (syncitiotrophoblast)

A

HCG

76
Q

Which structure of the placenta secretes HCG specifically?

A

Syncitiotrophoblast

Human Histology (26 decks)

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