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Human Histology > (P) Lec 2: Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

(P) Lec 2: Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of cells similar in structure and intercellular substance performing a specific function

A

Tissue

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2
Q

T or F: Tissues have the same function but different morphology

A

False (same function and morphology)

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3
Q

A combination of tissues in appropriate patterns and proportions

A

Organs

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4
Q

Different organs associated with one another in variable proportions

A

Organ Systems

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5
Q

Basic Types of Tissue:
> The external or internal covering or lining of the body (e.g. skin and glands)

A

Epithelial

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6
Q

What basic type of tissue are skin and glands?

A

Epithelial

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7
Q

Basic Types of Tissue:
> The supporting/binding tissue
> Provides general structure, mechanical strength, space filling, and physical and metabolic support for more specialized tissues

A

Connective

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8
Q

What basic type of tissue are collagen, reticular fibers, and elastic tissue (the dermis)?

A

Connective

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9
Q

T or F: Connective tissue’s extracellular matrix exists in abundant amounts

A

True

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10
Q

Basic Types of Tissue:
> Made up of elongated cells specialized for contraction and movement

A

Muscular

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11
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of muscular tissue?

A

> Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

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12
Q

Basic Types of Tissue:
> Important for the interpretation of stimuli
> Composed of cells with long fine processes specialized to receive, generate, and transmit nerve impulses

A

Nervous tissue

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13
Q

Basic Types of Tissue:
> Cells are aggregated polyhedral
> Extracellular matrix is in small amounts
> Lines surfaces or body cavities; for glandular secretion

A

Epithelial

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14
Q

Basic Types of Tissue:
> Has several types of fixed and wandering cells
> Extracellular matrix is in abundant amounts
> Supports and protects tissues/organs

A

Connective

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15
Q

Basic Types of Tissue:
> Cells are elongated and contractile
> Extracellular matrix is in moderate amounts
> Used in strong contractions and body movements

A

Muscular

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16
Q

Basic Types of Tissue:
> Cells are elongated with extremely fine processes
> Extracellular matrix is in very small amounts
> Transmits nerve impulses

A

Nervous

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17
Q

Tissue:
→ composed of cells in close apposition with little to no intercellular substance
→ no ground matrix and intercellular fibers
→ there is strong adhesion between cells attached to a thin layer of extracellular membrane
→ cellular sheets are formed

A

Epithelial

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18
Q

The basement membrane is also called as?

A

Basal Lamina

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19
Q

This separates the epithelium from the connective tissue (is non-cellular) and nutrients for the epithelial cells must diffuse across this

A

Basement membrane

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20
Q

T or F: Epithelial tissues are vascular

A

False (avascular; blood vessels never cross the basement membrane)

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21
Q

Three Germ Layers:
> An example of this is the epidermis of the skin and epithelium of the cornea

A

Ectoderm

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22
Q

Three Germ Layers:
> An example of this is the epithelium of the kidneys and reproductive tracts of both males and females

A

Mesoderm

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23
Q

Three Germ Layers:
> An example of this is the epithelium of the GIT

A

Endoderm

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24
Q

What is the principal function of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering, Lining, and/or Protection

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25
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Clue: FALSES

A

> Filtration
Absorption
Lubrication
Secretion
Excretion
Sensory Reception

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26
Q

T or F: Most substances that enter or exit the body must pass through the epithelial layer

A

False (ALL substances)

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27
Q

T or F: The epithelial layers can modify and change their passage mechanics to influence its normal homeostatic mechanism

A

True

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of epithelium?

A

Surface and Glandular

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29
Q

2 main types of epithelium:
> A membranous layer that covers the external and internal surfaces of the body

A

Surface

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30
Q

2 main types of epithelium:
> Refers to glands

A

Glandular

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31
Q

Nomenclature of Epithelium:
> The name for the number of cell layers

A

First

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32
Q

Nomenclature of Epithelium:
> The name for the cell shape

A

Second

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33
Q

Nomenclature of Epithelium:
> The name that is optional, only if with a special feature

A

Third

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34
Q

Surface Epithelium Subtypes:
> Lined by a single layer of cells

A

Simple

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35
Q

Specific Subtype of Epithelium:
> A single layer of flat cells (nuclei also appear flat)
> Well-adapted for exchange, filtration, and diffusion purposes
> Provides little protection against mechanical abrasion–cannot be found near surfaces subject to stresses
> e.g. parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule (kidney), endothelium of blood vessels, mesothelium of body cavities, corneal endothelium, and lung alveoli

A

Simple Squamous

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36
Q

Specific Subtype of Epithelium:
> A single layer of square cells
> Nuclei appear circular and centrally located
> The epithelium have the same height and width as the connective tissue
> e.g. PCT and DCT of the kidneys, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and the small excretory salivary and pancreatic glands

A

Simple Cuboidal

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37
Q

Specific Subtype of Epithelium:
> Single layer of tall cells
> Nuclei appear elongated and are near the basement membrane
> are taller in relation to cuboidal cells perpendicular to the basement membrane
> Found on absorptive (small intestines) and secretory (stomach) surfaces

A

Simple Columnar

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38
Q

Surface Epithelium Subtypes:
> Lined by several layers of cells; well-adapted for protective and barrier purposes
> Are poorly suited for absorption and secretion purposes due to its thickness but some are moderately permeable to water and other small molecules (e.g. skin epidermis protects the tissue from water loss)

A

Stratified

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39
Q

Specific Subtype of Epithelium:
> The most common type; are the matured cells that came from the cuboidal basal layer of the epidermis

A

Stratified Squamous

40
Q

What are the 2 types of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A
  1. Cornified/keratinized
  2. Non-cornified/non-keratinized
41
Q

This type of stratified squamous epithelia slough off and prevents skin dehydration

A

Cornified/keratinized

42
Q

This type of stratified squamous epithelia lines the body cavities where water loss is not a problem (e.g. mouth, esophagus, vagina, larynx, and anal canal)

A

Non-cornified/non-keratinized

43
Q

Specific Subtype of Epithelium:
> Found in the lining of larger excretory ducts of exocrine glands (salivary and sweat)
> Composed of 2 or 3 layers

A

Stratified Cuboidal

44
Q

Specific Subtype of Epithelium:
> Are very rare in nature
> Found in the conjunctiva of the eyelids where they act as protection and secrete mucus

A

Stratified Columnar

45
Q

Surface Epithelium Subtypes:
> A modification of stratified epithelium
> Contains cells that are flattened and cuboidal
> e.g. uroepithelium (excretory passages of the urinary tract)
> Usually has 4-5 layers when empty but can appear to have only 2-3 when distended

A

Transitional

46
Q

T or F: An empty bladder will have squamous transitional cells while a full bladder will have cuboidal transitional cells

A

False (reverse)

47
Q

Surface Epithelium Subtypes:
> A modification of simple epithelium
> All cells are in contact with the basal lamina but not all of them reach the apical surface; it sometimes causes the nuclei to be compressed upwards or downwards
> Means false stratification
> e.g. respiratory epithelium (majority contains goblet cells–mucus secreting cells)

A

Pseudostratified

48
Q

What is the specific subtype of blood vessels?

A

Simple squamous

49
Q

What is the specific subtype of the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous

50
Q

What is the specific subtype of the salivary glands?

A

Stratified Cuboidal

51
Q

What is the specific subtype of the conjunctiva?

A

Stratified Columnar

52
Q

What is the subtype of the bladder?

A

Transitional

53
Q

What is the subtype of respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified

54
Q

Refers to the transformation of one tissue type to another (e.g. stratified squamous may replace other tissues in areas of chronic irritation)

A

Metaplasia

55
Q

Refers to incomplete development of tissue

A

Hypoplasia

56
Q

Refers to increased number of tissue cells

A

Hyperplasia

57
Q

Refers to the formation of new tissue (e.g. tumors)

A

Neoplasia

58
Q

Refers to the abnormal uncontrolled growth of epithelial cells; arises from surface epithelia (malignant neoplasm)

A

Carcinoma

59
Q

What specific subtype is the most likely to undergo malignant metaplasia producing squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Stratified squamous (e.g. when large moles are found on the epidermis)

60
Q

Apical Cell Surface Modification:
→ tightly packed projections of intestinal absorptive cells
→ minute finger-like projections of the plasma membrane
→ gives a striated/brush-border appearance
→ increases the cell’s surface area
→ highly specific for cells with absorptive function

A

Microvilli

61
Q

Apical Cell Surface Modification:
→ actively motile processes that propel substances along the surface
→ found in respiratory epithelium
→ larger than microvilli and contains microtubules

A

Cilia

62
Q

Apical Cell Surface Modification:
→ long microvilli found in the epididymis and vas deferens of the male reproductive tract
→ are longer and non-motile compared to cilia
→ also increases cell surface area and facilitates absorption
→ specialized versions of these with motion detecting functions are found in the inner ear sensory cells

A

Stereocilia

63
Q

Apical Cell Surface Modification:
→ modified columnar epithelial cells
→ synthesizes and secretes mucus
→ scattered amongst many simple epithelial linings
→ found in the respiratory and the GI tract
→ usually don’t take up stains as they contain mucus

A

Goblet Cells

64
Q

Type of Epithelium:
→ they secrete hormones and are derived from epithelium
→ cells may or may not maintain a connection with the surface epithelium; the connection is maintained to form a duct in exocrine or lost in endocrine
→ are cells specialized in producing a secretion that differs from blood or intercellular fluid
→ may synthesize, store, and secrete: proteins (pancreas), lipids (adrenal and sebaceous), and complexes of carbohydrates and proteins (salivary glands)

A

Glandular Epithelium

65
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Number of Cells:
> A single secreting cell (e.g. goblet cells)

A

Unicellular Gland

66
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Number of Cells:
> Has an epithelium-derived duct and secretory units

A

Multicellular Gland

67
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Secretion:
> Thin and watery (e.g. sweat and parotid glands)
> Can be basophilic or acidophilic

A

Serous

68
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Secretion:
> Thick and vicious (e.g. sebaceous and esophageal glands)
> Contains heavily glycosylated proteins known as mucosin–usually don’t take up much stain

A

Mucous

69
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Secretion:
> Both watery and viscous; mucous-serous gland (e.g. tracheal, sublingual, submaxillary, and submandibular glands)
> Called as the Demilunes of Giannuzzi or serous demilunes

A

Mixed

70
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Secretion:
> Secretes living cells found in the ovary and testes

A

Cytogenetic

71
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Manner of Secretion:
> Releases products into a system of ducts (e.g. sweat, gastric, and salivary glands)

A

Exocrine

72
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Manner of Secretion:
> Releases products into the blood or lymph with no ducts (e.g. pituitary, adrenal gland, and islets of Langerhans–aka hormone producing cells)

A

Endocrine

73
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Manner of Secretion:
> Releases products into the extracellular spaces for simple diffusion to target cells in the immediate vicinity (e.g. Merkel’s cells)–aka paraneurons

A

Paracrine

74
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Manner of Secretion:
> Secretions are not discharged from the cells producing it (e.g. phagocytes and granular leukocytes)

A

Accrine

75
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Fate of Secretion:
> No destruction (most exocrine glands) as the cell remains intact
> Secretes proteins via exocytosis through the apical surface of excretory cells (e.g. sweat and salivary glands)

A

Merocrine

76
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Fate of Secretion:
> Partial destruction; loss of membrane-enclosed cytoplasm containing one or more lipid droplets (e.g. mammary glands)
> There is a loss of some parts during secretion

A

Apocrine

77
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Fate of Secretion:
> Total destruction (death) which leads to gland fragmentation
> The whole cell is released into excretory ducts
> e.g. sebaceous glands–pimples

A

Holocrine

78
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> Ducts do not branch

A

Simple

79
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> Simple epithelium-lined tubules that open to the surface and run in a straight course (e.g. intestinal glands)

A

Simple Tubular

80
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> A deeper portion of the tube is convoluted (e.g. sweat glands)

A

Simple Coiled Tubular

81
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> A deeper portion divides into branches lined with secreting cells which open into superficial portions as ducts (e.g. uterine glands)

A

Simple Branched Tubular

82
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> Does not occur in man
> The simplest form containing a single sac with a dilated lumen and connected to the surface by a constricted portion

A

Simple Acinar/Alveolar

83
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> Simple alveolar gland made up of numerous sac-like structures or out-pocketings

A

Simple Branched Acinar/Alveolar

84
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> Ducts from several secretory units converge into larger ducts

A

Compound

85
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> Terminal portions of the smallest tubules are more or less coiled; usually branching
> e.g. pure mucous or oral cavity glands, cardiac glands of stomach, Brunner’s glands, bulbourethral glands, and renal tubules

A

Compound Tubular

86
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> Has structures that divide into branches with sac-like dilations or out-pocketings
> e.g. large salivary, pancreatic, esophageal, respiratory, and mammary glands

A

Compound Tubulo-Acinar/Alveolar

87
Q

Glandular Classifications acc. to Morphology:
> Have sac-like structures that branch and divide into numerous dilated segments (e.g. portions of the mammary gland)

A

Compound Acinar/Alveolar

88
Q

T or F: Glands cannot undergo neoplastic changes

A

False

89
Q

Refers to benign epithelial growth with glandular morphology

A

Adenoma

90
Q

Refers to malignant growth that arises from glands

A

Adenocarcinoma

91
Q

Intercellular Junctions:
→ occluding junction (zonula occludens)
→ located beneath the apical surface; are the sealing strands
→ forms a collar around each cell beneath the apical surface which blocks the passage of luminal contents between cells and lateral movements of plasma membrane proteins and lipids in the plane of the membrane between the apical and basolateral plasma membrane

A

Tight Junctions

92
Q

Intercellular Junctions:
→ provide anchorage points for cytoskeletal elements
→ links the cytoskeletons of individual cells to form a strong transcellular network

A

Adherens Junctions

93
Q

Another name of adhesion belt

A

Zonula adherens

94
Q

These link adjacent cells (cell to cell connection)

A

Desmosomes

95
Q

These link epithelial cells to the basal membrane

A

Hemidesmosomes

96
Q

Intercellular Junctions:
→ contains proteins known as connexons which allows the passage of inorganic ions and other small molecules
→ important in the control of growth, development, cell recognition, and differentiation
→ provides the means of electrical coupling of visceral and cardiac muscle cells which permit synchronous contraction
→ made up of spaces usually adjacent to the plasma membrane

A

Gap Junctions

Human Histology (26 decks)

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