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Human Histology > (F) Lec 2.1: The Digestive System > Flashcards

(F) Lec 2.1: The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common properties of the wall of the Digestive Tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Tunica Muscularis (Muscularis Externa)
Tunica Serosa/Adventitia

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2
Q

Which two structures/organs in the system have glands in the submucosa?

A

Esophagus and Duodenum

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3
Q

Gastric glands and intestinal glands are seen in which layer?

A

Lamina propia (in the mucosa)

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4
Q

T or F: Esophageal glands are seen in the tunica muscularis

A

False (in mucosa and submucosa)

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5
Q

LE of mucosa of esophagus

A

SSNKE

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6
Q

LP of mucosa of esophagus

A

Loose CT with lymphocytes and superficial esophageal glands

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7
Q

Glands in the mucosa of esophagus

A

Superficial esophageal glands

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8
Q

Type of tissue found in the muscularis mucosa of the esophagus

A

Smooth muscle

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9
Q

Sublayers of mucosa of esophagus

A

LE
LP
Mucularis Mucosa (MM)

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10
Q

Specific subtype of tissue found in submucosa of esophagus

A

DICT

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11
Q

Responsible for regulation of mucus secretion in the submucosa of esophagus

A

Meissner’s plexus

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11
Q

Glands in the submucosa of esophagus

A

Deep esophageal glands

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12
Q

Responsible for peristalsis in the tunica muscularis of esophagus

A

Auebach’s plexus / Myenteric

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13
Q

Arrangement of muscles in the tunica muscularis of esophagus

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer (ICOL)

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14
Q

Muscle of upper 1/3 of esophagus

A

Skeletal

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15
Q

Muscle of middle 1/3 of esophagus

A

Smooth and skeletal

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16
Q

Muscle of lower 1/3 of esophagus

A

Smooth

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17
Q

This layer of esophagus contains LCT, BVs, and LSs

A

Tunica adventitia

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18
Q

Junction between esophagus and stomach

A

Squamocolumnar junction

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19
Q

This is where the secretion of the glands exits from the stomach

A

Gastric pits

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20
Q

Initiates carbohydrates’ digestion

A

Salivary amylase

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21
Q

Acidic fluid when mixed with food is called?

A

Chyme

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22
Q

Secretion of ______ begins digestion of triglycerides

A

Lipase

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23
Q

Begins initial digestion of proteins

A

Pepsin

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24
Q

Familiarize functions of stomach

A

Continue digestion of carbohydrates initiated by salivary amylase
Add acidic fluid to ingested food and mix them together to form chyme
Begin digestion of triglycerides by secreted lipase
Promote initial digestion of proteins with pepsin

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25
Q

LE of stomach

A

Simple columnar epithelium without goblet cells

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26
Q

LP of stomach

A

Loose CT w/ dense LT and occasional nodules

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27
Q

Part of stomach which separates the mucose from the underlying submucosa

A

Muscularis mucosa

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28
Q

These are:

Found in the stomach’s body and fundus
Are the characteristic cells of the stomach in general

A

Gastric glands

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29
Q

Which part of the stomach are gastric glands found?

A

Body and fundus

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30
Q

Secretion of mucous neck cells

A

Mucous

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31
Q

Secretion of chief cells

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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32
Q

Secretion of parietal cells

A

HCl and IF

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33
Q

Secretion of endocrine/argentaffin cells

A

Serotonin, histamine, and gastrin

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34
Q

Cell characteristic of mucous neck cells

A

Columnar cells

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35
Q

Cell characteristic of chief cells

A

Low columnar/cuboidal

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36
Q

Cell characteristic of parietal cells

A

Spheroidal/pyramidal

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37
Q

Cell characteristic of endocrine cells

A

Pyramidal/flattened

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38
Q

Staining reaction of mucous neck cells

A

Pale

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39
Q

Staining reaction of chief cells

A

Basophilic

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40
Q

Staining reaction of parietal cells

A

Acidophilic

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41
Q

Staining reaction of endocrine/argentaffin cells

A

Silver and chromium stains affinity

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42
Q

Refer to:

→ rich in bicarbonate ions
→ protects the mucosa from the abrasive effects of intraluminal food and the corrosive effects of stomach acid
→ secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin

A

Surface mucous cells

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43
Q

Refer to:

→ can be in clusters or single
→ found at the neck of the gastric glands
→ contains round nuclei at the base and apical secretory granules
→ mucous secretions are less alkaline (acidic) than surface epithelial mucous cells

A

Mucous neck cells

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44
Q

Refer to:

→ the parenchymal cells of gastric glands
→ can be large round or pyramidal cells with 1 or 2 centrally-located round nuclei
→ has eosinophilic cytoplasm

A

Parietal cells

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45
Q

Refers to:

→ the most numerous in the gland cells
→ predominates at the lower regions of the gland
→ shows abundant rER and secretory granules

A

Peptic cells

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46
Q

T or F: Chief cells differ in function depending on location

A

False (enteroendocrine cells)

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47
Q

This is a glycoprotein required for the uptake of Vit. B12 in the S.I

A

Intrinsic Factor

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48
Q

This initiates the hydrolysis of ingested proteins in the stomach

A

Pepsin (from Pepsinogen)

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49
Q

Location of entereoendocrine cells that secretes serotonin, inhibits gastric acid secretion, and stimulates the production and release of gastric mucus

A

Fundus

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50
Q

Location of enteroendocrine cells that produce gastrin and stimulates secretion of acid and pepsinogen

A

Pylorus

51
Q

Three glands found in the stomach

A

Cardiac, Fundic, and Pyloric

52
Q

Refer to:

The most proximal to the esophagus
Morphology: Simple tubular (some are compound tubular)
The terminal end: Long and coiled
Gastric pits: Short and shallow

A

Cardiac glands

53
Q

Refer to:

The most numerous type of gland
Morphology: Simple branched tubular
The terminal end: Slightly coiled
Gastric pit: Occupies ¼ of the thickness of the mucosa
Lumen: Narrow

A

Fundic glands

54
Q

Refer to:

Lined by mucous cells
Not much HCl and intrinsic factor secretion
Morphology: Simple branched tubular
The terminal end: Extensively coiled
Gastric pit: Are long and deep extending to about ½ the thickness of the mucosa
Lumen: Wider

A

Pyloric glands

55
Q

Cells present in cardiac glands

A

Mostly mucous secreting cells (mucous neck cells are predominant)
Few parietal and Argentaffin cells

56
Q

Cells present in fundic glands

A

All 4 types

57
Q

Cells present in pyloric glands

A

No parietal cells except in the pyloric sphincter

58
Q

Layer of stomach which refer to:

Composed of Loose CT with large BVs and LVs
Has many lymphoid cells, macrophages, and mast cells
Houses the Meissner’s Plexus (for secretion)
Has no glands

A

Submucosa

59
Q

The muscularis externa of the stomach is arranged as?

A

Outer longitudinal
Middle circular
Inner oblique

60
Q

This is the nerve plexus responsible for peristalsis

A

Auerbach

61
Q

T or F: Muscularsi externa of pylorus is arranged as ICOL

A

True

62
Q

The circular muscle in the tunica muscularis is thickened to form what?

A

Pyloric sphincter

63
Q

LE of smol intestines

A

Simple columnar epithelium w/ GC

64
Q

This part of intestinal mucosa refers to:

Have a core of loose CT that extends from the LP
Contains fibroblasts, smooth muscle fibers, lymphocytes, plasma cells, fenestrated capillaries, and a central lymphatic vessel (lacteal)
Found at the lumen of the S.I (not found in the appendix)

A

Villi

65
Q

LP of small intestines

A

Loose CT

66
Q

This layer of intestinal mucosa refers to thin smooth muscle layer that produces local movement and folding of the mucosa

A

Muscularis mucosa

67
Q

Refer to:

→ aka valves of Kerkring; are permanent structures
→ are absent from the first few centimeters of the duodenum and distal ileum but well developed in the jejunum
→ increases the surface area of the mucosa

A

Plicae Circulares

68
Q

Plicae circulares are also called what?

A

Valves of Kerkring

69
Q

Counterpart of plicae circulares in the large intestines

A

Plica semilunaris

70
Q

Refer to:

→ aka intestinal glands/crypts
→ found between the intestinal villi (only in the LP)
→ functions for the secretion of intestinal juice

A

Crupts of Lieberkuhn

71
Q

Enumerate the cells in intestinal glands

A

Enterocytes
GC
Paneth cells
Enteroendocrine cells

72
Q

Cell in intestinal gland which refers to:

→ are the main absorptive cells; the most numerous
→ the parenchyma of the small intestine
→ are tall columnar in shape with an oval nucleus located at the base
→ its apical ends contain striated brush borders

A

Enterocytes

73
Q

Cell in intestinal gland which refers to:

→ are interspersed among the absorptive enterocytes
→ secretes glycoprotein mucin to protect and lubricate the lining of the intestine
→ the apical area is distended with mucin droplets while the base contains secretory materials
→ the cytoplasm is strongly basophilic

A

Goblet cells

74
Q

Cell in intestinal gland which refers to:

→ located in the basal portion of the intestinal crypts
→ are exocrine cells with large eosinophilic secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm
→ releases lysozymes, phospholipase A2, and hydrophobic peptides (defensins)
→ has a role in innate immunity and regulates the microenvironment of the intestinal crypts

A

Paneth cells

75
Q

Cell in intestinal gland which refers to:

→ concentrated in the lower portion of the intestinal glands
→ produces a lot of peptide hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells

76
Q

Secretion of enteroendocrine cells in the intestinal gland

A

Cholecystokinin and secretin

77
Q

Secretion of enteroendocrine cells that stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes in the pancreas and contraction of the gallbladder

A

Cholecystokinin

78
Q

Secretion of enteroendocrine cells that stimulates the pancreas to release “pancreatic juice” which is rich in bicarbonate ions

A

Secretin

79
Q

Refer to:

→ specialized epithelial cells in the mucosa of the ileum overlying the lymphoid follicles of the Peyer’s Patches
→ are basal membrane invaginations containing many intraepithelial lymphocytes and are antigen-presenting
→ selectively endocytoses antigens and transports them to the underlying lymphocytes and dendritic cells

A

M (Microfold) Cells

80
Q

Three parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

81
Q

T of F: Plicae circulares are more prominent in the duodenum

A

False (Jejunum)

82
Q

Cells located at the bottom of the crypts

A

Paneth cells

83
Q

Refers to absorptive cells found in the intestinal glands

A

Enteroendocrine cells

84
Q

Part of the small intestines which contains Brunner’s gland in the submucosa

A

Duodenum

85
Q

Nerve plexus found in the submucosa

A

Meissner’s plexus

86
Q

Arrangement of tunica muscularis of small intestines

A

ICOL

87
Q

Nerve plexus found in the tunica muscularis of small intestine responsible for presitalsis

A

Auerbach’s plexus

88
Q

Characteristic feature of ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

89
Q

Characteristic feature of jejunum

A

Plicae circulares

90
Q

Characteristic feature of duodenum

A

Brunner’s gland

91
Q

Junction between pylorus and duodenum

A

Gastroduidenal junction

92
Q

T or F: Goblet cells increase in number as we transition from small intestine to large intestine (GCs are the parenchyma of the colon)

A

True

93
Q

T or F: Lymphatic nodules are only seen in the ileum

A

False

94
Q

Longest portion of small intestine

A

Ileum

95
Q

Widest portion of S.I.

A

Duodenum

96
Q

LE of large intestine

A

Simple columnar w/ GC

97
Q

LP of large intestine

A

Loose CT w/ intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn); rich in lymphoid cells and nodules

98
Q

T or F: There are no MM in large intestine

A

False

99
Q

T or F: Vili are only found in the large intestine, none in L.I.

A

False (baliktad)

100
Q

T or F: There are intestinal glands in the submucosa of the large intestine

A

False

101
Q

T or F: There are no lymphatic nodules in the large intestine because it is not for defense

A

False (some solitary LN are present in submucosa)

102
Q

Arrangement of muscularis externa of the large intestine

A

ICOL

103
Q

In the muscularis externa of the large intestine, the outer longitudinal layer forms three flattened strands–the taenia coli that produces the _____ in the colonic wall

CLUE: it refers to housing or sacculations

A

Haustra

104
Q

In the tunica serosa of the large intestine, the cecum, appendix, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon have which type of peritoneal covering?

A

Complete peritoneal covering

105
Q

In the tunica serosa of the large intestine, the ascending & descending colon, and rectum have which type of peritoneal covering?

A

Partial peritoneal covering

106
Q

In the tunica serosa of the large intestine, the anal canal has which type of peritoneal covering?

A

None (No peritoneal covering)

107
Q

In the tunica serosa of the large intestine, pouches of adipose tissue have what?

A

Appendices epiplocae

108
Q

T or F: The appendix is part of the digestive system

A

Fase (lymphatic)

109
Q

Lymphoid tissues can be found in which layer of the appendix?

A

LP and submucosa

110
Q

T or F: Like the S.I., the appendix also has intestinal villi

A

False

111
Q

LE of appendix

A

Simple columnar w/ GC

112
Q

LP of appendix

A

Dense and nodular lymphatic tissues

113
Q

T or F: Appendix has MM

A

True

114
Q

Layer of appendix which contains lymphatic nodules with BVs and nerves

A

Submucosa

115
Q

Arrangement of appendix’s tunica muscularis

A

ICOL

116
Q

Layer of appendix which contains peritoneum lined with mesothelium

A

Tunica serosa

117
Q

T or F: At the distal end of the rectum, the anal canal, mucosa, and submucosa are highly avascularized

A

False (vascularized with venous sinuses)

118
Q

Anal columns are folded a series of longitudinal folds called the _____________ with intervening anal sinuses

A

anal columns of Morgagni

119
Q

Junction between anus and rectum

A

Anorectal junction

120
Q

Clinical correlation that refers to:

Aka adenocarcinoma
Benign adenomatous polyps in the mucosal epithelium
Common in individuals with low-fiber diets
Prolongs contact of mucosa with toxins of the feces

A

Colorectal cancer

121
Q

Clinical correlation that refers to:

Swollen BVs in the mucosa or submucosa of the anal canal
Results from a low-fiber diet, constipation, prolonged sitting, or straining at defecation

A

Hemorrhoids

122
Q

Parenchyma of S.I.

A

Enterocytes / columnar cells

123
Q

Parenchyma of L.I.

A

Goblet cells

124
Q

Parenchyma of stomach

A

Parietal cells

125
Q

Why do external hemorrhoids hurt more than the internal ones?

A

Presence of nerve endings on the skin

Human Histology (26 decks)

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