(M) Lec 4: Respiratory System Flashcards by Denica Shealtiel Enage

Main function of this system is intake of oxygen by blood and to eliminate carbon dioxide

Respiratory system

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2 portions of respiratory system

1) Conducting portion
2) Respiratory portion

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Last part of the conducting portion

Terminal bronchioles

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Where do the respiratory portion start?

Respiratory bronchioles

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Familiarize the structures of the conducting portion

o Nose (includes the nasal cavity)
o Pharynx
o Larynx
o Trachea
o Bronchi (right and left bronchi)
o Bronchioles
o Terminal bronchioles

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Familiarize the structures of the respiratory portion

o Respiratory bronchioles
o Alveolar ducts
o Alveolar sacs
o Alveoli

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Portion of the RS where actual exchange of gasses takes place

Respiratory portion

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What’s the complete lining epithelium of respiratory epithelium?

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
epithelium with goblet cells

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What are the five types of cells found in the respiratory epithelium?

1) Ciliated columnar cells
2) Mucus goblet cells
3) Brush cells
4) Basal cells
5) Small granule cells

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Respiratory epithelium cells

Most abundant cell type; for ciliary beating

Ciliated columnar cells

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T or F: Ciliated columnar cells has few mitochondria

False (a lot)

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Respiratory epithelium cells

o Second most abundant cells that we can see in this type of epithelium
o Apical portion of these cells contain polysaccharide rich mucous droplet

Mucus goblet cells

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These are the first 2 types of cells that make up the respiratory epithelium

Ciliated columnar and mucus goblet cells

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Respiratory epithelium cells

o Columnar cells with numerous microvilli
o Contains microvilli instead of cilia
- Immature cells
- Act as Sensory/receptor cells

Brush cells

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Respiratory epithelium cells

o Small rounded cells that lie on the basal lamina but do not extend to the luminal surface of the epithelium
o Progenitor cells

Basal cells

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Respiratory epithelium cells

Diffuse Neuroendocrine system
Also known as Kulchitsky cells

Small granule cells

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This is the most dilated anterior portion of the nose

Vestibule

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LE and LP of vestibule

➢ LE (lining epithelium): stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium

➢ LP (lamina propria): dense connective tissue

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Refers to the thick hairs that you can see in the vestibule

Vibrissae

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Contains some sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles

Vestibule

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The nose/nasal cavity is composed of which parts?

Vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region

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LP of Respiratory Region

serous and mucous tubuloalveolar glands

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➢ The lining epithelium is lying on a Thick basement membrane
➢ Cavernous plexuses
➢ Adherent to the perichondrium of the cartilage beneath

Respiratory region

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➢ Olfactory mucosa (olfactory epithelium)
➢ Roof of nasal fossa
➢ Receptor organ for smell

Olfactory region

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LE and LP of olfactory region

LE: PSCCE without GC LP: Bowman's glands

Three types of cells found in the olfactory region of nasal cavity

olfactory cells, basal cells, and supporting cells

Musculo-membranous tube

Pharynx

Three parts of pharynx

o Nasopharynx o Oropharynx o Laryngopharynx

– Respiratory epithelium – LP: elastic tissue – Pharyngeal glands are of mixed secretion – Aggregations of the lymphatic nodules: pharyngeal tonsils in the posterior wall

Nasopharynx

# Pharynx: Has: ➢ Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium ➢ Mucous glands

Laryngopharynx

LE of oro and laryngopharynx

Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium

This structure consists of: ➢ Mucosa ➢ Submucosa ➢ Series of irregularly shaped cartilages ➢ Intrinsic skeletal muscles

Larynx

The mucosa of the larynx is made up of how many pairs of folds between the ventricles?

Part of the larynx o Upper part o Lined with Respiratory epithelium overlying numerous seromucous glands and occasional lymphoid nodules o LP: loose connective tissue with elastic fibers, lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules o Laryngeal glands of mixed secretion

False vocal cords (vestibular folds)

Part of the larynx – Lower part – Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium – LP: almost indistinct and contains a vocal ligament (elastic) – Vocalis muscle (skeletal)

True vocal cords (vocal folds)

What are the paired cartilages in the larynx?

– Arytenoid – Corniculate – Cuneiform

What are the unpaired cartilages in the larynx?

– Thyroid – Cricoid – Epiglottis

This is a thin-walled tube which bifurcates into 2 primary bronchi

Trachea

Mucosa of trachea

Respi epithelium

LP of trachea

LCT with elastic fibers, lymphocytes and occasional lymphatic nodules

Its submucosa has numerous tracheal glands of the mixed type

Trachea

This surrounds the cartilages in trachea

Perichondrium

Which type of muscle is the trachealis muscle?

Smooth

How many C-shaped hyaline cartilages there are in trachea?

16 - 20

Specific subtype of tunica adventitia found in the trachea?

Loose connective tissue

The bronchus enters the lungs with which other structures?

Arteries, Veins, & Lymphatic Vessels (LVs)

LE of bronchi

Respiratory epithelium

How many primary bronchi are there?

The secondary, tertiary and smaller bronchi are what generally termed as?

Intrapulmonary bronchi

What are the layers of a bronchi?

Mucosa Submucosa Fibrocatilagenous coat Adventitia

Layer of bronchi where bronchial glands, BVs, and LTs are found

Submucosa

Layer of bronchi where irregular hyaline cartilages; broken plates of cartilages

Fibrocatilagenous coat

Layer of bronchi where LCT, BV’s, N’s, LV’s are found

Adventitia

T or F: Bronchioles have glands, nodules, and cartilages

False

DIameter of bronchioles

1 mm or less

Its submucosa and adventitia are: – No longer sharply demarcated – Fused appearing as a continuous layer of areolar connective tissue containing BV’s, LV’s, N’s

Bronchioles

Diameter of terminal bronchioles

0.5 mm or less

LE of terminal bronchioles

simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells

– No cartilages and glands – Has a smooth muscle layer continuous with less mucosal folds

Terminal bronchioles

These cells secrete surfactant-like materials (not surfactant) which are needed to produce surfactants

Club cells

Club cells are formerly known as?

Clara cells

T or F: The difference of terminal and respiratory bronchioles is that terminal bronchioles have alveoli

False (respi bronchioles have alveoli)

LE of respiratory bronchioles

simple cuboidal, ciliated cells, and club cells with scattered alveoli

– Fewer smooth muscle fibers with elastic connective tissue – Club cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells

Respiratory bronchioles

These are: – Non-ciliated cuboidal cells – Secretory – Non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells – Surfactant-like secretions – Smooth muscles and elastic fibers are well developed

Club cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells

This is the communication between duct and sac

Atrium

LE of alveolar duct and alveolar sac

Simple squamous

➢ Thin-walled ➢ Discontinuous walls gives off branches ➢ LE: simple squamous

Alveolar ducts

➢ Thin-walled outpocketings ➢ Clusters of two or more alveoli ➢ LE: simple squamous

Alveolar sacs

Considered the most important component of the lungs

Pulmonary alveoli

– Thin walled outpocketings – Line the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and respiratory bronchioles – Actual gas exchange

Pulmonary alveoli

LE of alveoli

Simple squamous

Two type of alveolar cells

Type I (Pneumocyte type I) and Type II alveolar cells (Pneumocyte type II)

Type of cell which mostly lines the alveoli

Type I

– Squamous or flattened cells – Form the vast majority of the alveolar surfaces – Have junctional attachments laterally with each other or with type II alveolar cells

Type I

# Alveolar Cell: Cell that secrete surfactant

Type II alveolar cells

– Cuboidal cells – Secretes surfactant which lowers the surface tension – Cells contain secretory granules at its supranuclear portion

Type II alveolar cells

T or F: There is a gas exchange in the nose

Trick question 'di ko rin alam sagot

T or F: Type I alveolar cells are cuboidal

False

Other name for Type II alveolar cells

Septal cells or Pneumocyte II

This is described by presence of alveolar septum where gases must pass in exchange between the air and blood

Blood-Air Barrier

3 layers of blood air barrier

1. Alveolar epithelium 2. Fused basement membranes 3. Capillary endothelium

Other name for alveolar macrophages

Dust cells

– Free phagocytic cells – Contain particles of dust

Alveolar macrophages

– In heart congestion, they become filled with hemosiderin pigments – Heart failure cells

Alveolar macrophages

Granules resulting from the phagocytosis and degeneration of blood pigments

Heart failure cells (alveolar macrophages)

The alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium makes up the?

Fused basement membrane