F- MEDICALLY IMPORTANT BACTERIA Flashcards by Some Bean

___ one of the most useful staining procedures because it classifies bacteria into two large groups: ___

Gram Stain

gram-positive and gram-negative

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when was gram stain developed and by who?

1884 by the Danish bacteriologist, Hans Christian Gram.

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enumerate the process of staining
1-
2-
3-
4-

1st dye- crystal violet, rinse with water
2nd- add iodine- mordant (intensifies the crystal violet)
3rd- alcohol- decolorize
4- safranin- a red dye

STAINING ALLOWS FOR VISIBILITY

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this type of bacteria will appear violet under the microscope indicating that it has a thicker cell wall

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA ( the harder it is to remove the first color stain even through alcohol and safranin the thicker the cell wall)

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golden yellow, fried egg appearance. Gram-positive, grape-like arrangement, beta-hemolytic (destroys rbc), halophile (they love salt)

staphylococcus aureus

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this bacteria causes 9 diseases they are:

gastroenteritis (diarrhea/stomach ache)
scalded skin syndrome
toxic shock syndrome
impetigo
folliculitis
furuncle or boil
carbuncle
acute endocarditis
osteomyelitis

. staphylococcus aureus

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part of the normal bacterial flora widely found on the body, but compromised patient can become infected with this microorganisms, causes infections on prosthetic devices on the body and catheters

STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS

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this bacteria is the second leading cause of UTI in sexually active young women

*2nd only to e.coli

STAPHYLOCOCCUS SAPROPHYTICUS

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spherical to ovoid, gram-positive tend to occur in pairs or chains when grown in liquid media, non spore former and generally nonmotile

STREPTOCOCCI

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based on physiologic properties (PYOGENIC, VIRIDANS GROUP)

Academic/Bergey’s classification

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in chains and violet, PYROGENIC GROUP

streptococcus pyogenes

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classic strep throat with swollen tonsils, pharynx, purulent exudate on the tonsils, high temp, swollen lymph nodes. Usually lasts 5 days

STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS

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SCARLET FEVER- RED RASH THAT SPARES THE FACE AND CAUSES FEVER. THIS IS CAUSED BY WHICH BACTERIA

Streptococcus pyogenes

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PYODERMA, NECROTIZING FASCIITIS, RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE- IS CAUSED BY WHICH BACTERIA?

group A Streptococcus- streptococcus pyogenes

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PNEUMONIA OR CAP, is caused by this bacteria

STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

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OTITIS MEDIA- middle ear infection in children is caused by which bacteria?

STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

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causes neonatal meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis (from contaminated milk)

STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE

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bind to teeth and ferment sugar which produces acid and dental caries (normally in the flora of the mouth, not following proper oral hygiene afterwards causes the acid and forms cavities)

STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS (this falls under VIRDANS GROUP)

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this bacteria can implant on heart valve can lead to (mitral valve prolapse)

SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS (this falls under VIRDANS group)

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based on hemolytic reaction (beta-hemolytic streptococci, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, gamma)

SMITH BROWN’S CLASSIFICATION

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clear, colorless zone indicating COMPLETE hemolysis of the RBC

beta-hemolytic streptococci

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produce a zone of PARTIAL hemolysis with a greenish or brownish discoloration

alpha-hemolytic streptococci

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hemolytic or non-hemolytic or INDIFFERENT streptococci- colonies do not produce any hemolysis

gamma

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gram-positive, form endospores, either strict aerobes or aerotolerant anaerobes (can grow in presence of oxygen but do not require it)

bacillus species

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SPORE forming (bacillus, clostridium), non-spore forming (corynebacterium, literia, propionibacterium)

GRAM POSITIVE RODS (BACILLI) - most are found in soil and water

amino acid capsule, cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax (wool sorter's disease) is caused by which bacteria?

Bacillus anthracis

fried rice poisoning, emetic/ diarrhea is caused by which bacteria?

Bacillus cereus

this bacteria is the source of antibiotic of bacitracin effective against staphylococcus infections

Bacillus subtilis

BACITRACIN a medication effective against staphylococcus was isolated from who?

ANNE MARGARET TRACY, an 8yo who got into a car accident and whose body contained bacillus subtilis that was able to be isolated. She was born 15th of February 1936.

gas gangrene (ROTTING OF TOENAILS) is caused by chich bacteria?

Clostridium perfringens

pseudomembranous colitis (disease in the colon) is caused by which bacteria?

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

cause of tetanus, comes from soil originally. Contraction of muscles because of the tetanus toxin.

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

CAUSED BOTULISM - BLOCKS THE RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTRACTION.

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM

this bacteria causes diphtheria (respiratory disease that grows in your throat and blocks the throat/larynx)

CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPTHERIAE

bacteria that can be found in dairy products, foodborne and causes diarrhea

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

CAUSE OF ACNE, STRICT ANAEROBE

PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNE

is E.coli gram-positive or negative?

GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI

normally found in the GIT, inhabits colon/large intestine, facultative anaerobes, infective if it is introduced to other parts of the body

ESCHERICHIA COLI

STRAINS OF E. coli: | (watery diarrhea/ travelers diarrhea)- antibiotic may be useful

ETEC- enterotoxigenic E.coli

STRAINS OF E. coli: | (watery diarrhea long duration, infants, developing countries)- antibiotic may be useful

EPEC- enteropathogenic E. coli

STRAINS OF E. coli: | (bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis)- avoid antibiotics

EHEC- ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC E.coli

STRAINS OF E. coli: | bloody diarrhea- rehydrate and correct electrolyte abnormalities

EIEC- ENTEROINVASIVE E.coli

STRAINS OF E. coli: | persistent watery diarrhea in children and patient with HIV, rehydrate and electrolyte abnormalities correct it.

EAEC- ENTEROAGGREGATIVE E.coli-

is very motile, causes alkaline urine and UTI

PROTEUS VULGARIS

causes typhoid fever LIVES IN GIT OF ANIMALS ferment glucose and mannose

SALMONELLA TYPHI

caused bubonic plague, V and W antigens (pee of the rats)

YERSINIA PESTIS

causes CHANCROID, ulcer

HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI

this bacteria causes cat scratch disease, the dirt or bacteria on the cat's nails causes this to occur.

BARTONELLA HENSELAI

causes whooping cough, aerobe, encapsulated,

BORDETELLA PERUSSIS

present in respiratory tract

KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA

CAUSES MENINGITIS (INFLAMANTION OF MENINGES IN THE BRAIN, AND EPIGLOTTIS)

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

VERY COMMON BACTERIA, CAUSES PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE, LARGE AMOUNT OF UREASE (ENZYME THAT CAUSES HOLES IN THE STOMACH)

HELICOBACTER PYLORI

motile, aerobe, causes severe soft tissue infection. secretes different pigment

PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

cause of gonorrhea, std (pus)// ophthalmia neonatorum

NEISSERIA GONORRHEAE ( gram negative cocci -there's only two of them)

a gram negative cocci that causes meningitis petechiae

NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS

very small, contains both DNA and RNA, devoid of cell wall. DO not respond to gram staining

ATYPICAL BACTERIA

another type of staining used for atypical bacteria because they have a waxy cell wall.

ACID FAST BACTERIA

this atypical bacteria causes rocky mountain spotted fever rash. it is pleomorphic (no specific shape), and vector transmitted (ticks)

RICKETTSIA RICKETSII

atypical bacteria that causes trachoma an eye infection non motile, not vector transmitted, infected waters, direct contact

CHLAMYDIA trachomatis

this atypical bacteria is the smallest bacteria and it causes walking pneumoniae

mycoplasma

what is the biggest bacteria?

bacillus anthracis

these are very motile, axial filaments, that require you to use dark field microscopy

spirochetes

causes STD, SYPHILIS

treponema pallidum

ixodidae tick, can spread to heart, brain and joints. Endemic in lyme conneticut (LYME DISEASE)

borrelia burgdorferi

this bacteria causes leptospirosis or weil's disease, flood water can infect through wound openings.

LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS

INTRACELLULAR ORGANISM, CONTAINS MYCOLIC ACID- RESISTANT TO DESSICATION, ACID AND ALKALI, WEAKLY GRAM POSITIVE- INHALING DROPLETS FROM INFECTED PERSON

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS

this atypical bacteria causes Hansen's disease/ leprosy- the bacteria eats the softer parts of the face

MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE