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WEEK 3- THE MICROBIAL WORLD Flashcards

1
Q

the basic fundamental unit of life

A

CELLS

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2
Q

contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. __________can be single-celled or multi-celled ex are fungi, parasites and algae

A

EUKARYOTES

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3
Q

________ do not contain nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. They include two groups: bacteria and archaea.

A

PROKARYOTES

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4
Q

_____ are acellular, neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

VIRSUES

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5
Q

bacteria of interest in medicine

A

EUBACTERIA

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6
Q

what is the cell wall of a Eubacteria largely composed of?

A

carbohydrate and protein complex called- PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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7
Q

Eubacteria generally reproduce by dividing into two equal cells, what is this process called?

A

BINARY FISSION

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8
Q

this is an appendage that many bacteria use to “swim”

A

FLAGELLA

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9
Q

they have no medical importance, can be found in extreme environments

A

ARCHAEA

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10
Q

What are the three classifications of archaea?

A

methanogens
extreme halophiles
extreme thermophiles

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11
Q

they are not known to cause disease in humans

A

ARCHAEA

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12
Q

they live in extremely salty environments

A

EXTREME HALOPHILES

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13
Q

live in hot sulfurous water

A

EXTREME THERMOPHILES

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14
Q

produce methane as a waste product from respiration

A

METHANOGENS

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15
Q

may be unicellular or multicellular

A

FUNGI

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16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: large multicellular fundi such as mushroom may somewhat look like plants but they cannot carry out photosynthesis

A

TRUE

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17
Q

True fungi have cell walls composed primarily of a substance called ___

A

CHITIN

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18
Q

what are human fungal diseases called?

A

MYCOSES

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19
Q

How are mycoses classified?

A

by the location on or in the body where the infection occurs

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20
Q

fungi can be divided into two what are they?

A

MOLDS and YEASTS

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21
Q

unicellular eukaryotic microbes, move by extensions of their cytoplasm

A

PROTOZOA

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22
Q

what do you call the extensions of their cytoplasm used for moving by the protozoa?

A

PSEUDOPODS (false feet)

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23
Q

numerous shorter appendages for locomotion are called?

A

CILIA

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24
Q

they have a variety of shapes and live either as free entities or as parasites that absorb or ingest organic compounds from their environment. they can reproduce asexually or sexually

A

PROTOZOA

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25
photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms
ALGAE
26
algae cell walls are composed of a carbohydrate called?
CELLULOSE
27
ALGAE are abundant where
in freshwater and salt water, soil and in association with plants.
28
they do not produce significant disease in humans but are beneficial as sources of ____, ___,____
food, iodine, and other minerals
29
group of worms that live as parasites, eukaryotic with complex body organization.
HELMINTHS
30
How are helminths parasitic?
they ingest or absorb digestive contents, body fluids or tissues.
31
what are the three main groups of Helminths?
- tapeworms (cestodes) - flukes (trematodes) - roundworms (nematodes)
32
acellular, obligate intercellular parasites that is structurally simple. can reproduce only by using cellular machinery of other organisms
VIRUS
33
what does a virus contain?
- core made up of only one type of nucleic acid, DNA or RNA - core is surrounded by a protein coat - coat is enclosed by additional layer a lipid membrane called envelope.
34
this is a lipid membrane that acts as an additional layer encasing a coat
ENVELOPE
35
an infectious particle
PRIONS
36
this is a type of protein found in the brain that is responsible for a variety of extremely fatal neurodegenerative diseases of animals but can be transmitted to humans
PRIONS
37
TSE stands for what and it is caused by?
transmissible spongiform encephalitis, caused by PRIONS when animals transmit diseases to humans
38
to date, its cause or how it happens is still unknown
PRIONS
39
disease in cattle cause by this particle
BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY (BSE)
40
DISEASE CAUSED IN SHEEP AND GOATS
SCRAPIE
41
disease caused by infectious particle in humans
CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD)
42
structures external to the cell wall
- glycocalyx - flagella - axial filaments - pili/fimbriae
43
structures internal to the cell wall
``` plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleoid ribosome plasmid inclusions endospores ```
44
three main bacterial shapes:
spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), spirals
45
this is a sugar coat, bacterial ____ is a viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both
GLYCOCALYX
46
Glycocalyx firmly attached to the cell wall
CAPSULE
47
glycocalyx loosely attached to cell wall
SLIME LAYER
48
long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
FLAGELLA
49
bacteria that lack flagella
ATRICHOUS
50
flagella that is distributed over the entire cell
PERITRICHOUS
51
A single flagellum
MONOTRICHOUS
52
a tuft of flagella coming from one pole or another
LOPHOTRICHOUS
53
flagella at both poles of the cell
AMPHITRICHOUS
54
the rotation of the filaments produces a movement of the outer sheath that propels the spirochetes in a spiral motion. have a structure similar to that of a flagella
AXIAL FILAMENTS/ ENDOFLAGELLA
55
hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella. used for attachment and transfer of DNA
PILI/ FIMBRIAE
56
what is PILI/ FIMBRIAE used for?
attachment and transfer of DNA not motility.
57
defines the shape of the bacterium, protects bacteria from osmotic shock
CELL WALL
58
what is the bacterial cell wall composed of?
macromolecular network called PEPTIDOGLYCAN (murein)
59
serve as a selective barrier through which materials enter and exit the cell wall, selectively permeable because of phospholipids
PLASMA MEMBRANE
60
this is important to the breakdown of nutrients and production of energy, contains enzymes capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that break down nutrients and produce ATP
PLASMA MEMBRANE
61
80% water , thick, aqueous, semitransparent, and elastic | houses the nucleoid (containing DNA), particles called ribosomes, and reserve deposits called inclusions
CYTOPLASM
62
single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double stranded DNA called the bacterial chromosome
NUCLEOID
63
site of protein synthesis, usually target of many antibiotics
RIBOSOME
64
what are the two subunits composing ribosome?
30S AND 50S
65
extrachromosomal genetic elements that are not connected to the main bacterial chromosome, but can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA
PLASMIDS
66
may carry genes for such activities such as antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic metals, production of toxins, synthesis of enzymes
PLASMIDS
67
this is used for gene manipulation in biotechnology
PLASMIDS
68
aka reserve deposits, cells may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient
INCLUSIONS
69
also known as resting cells
ENDOSPORES
70
these are produced by bacteria when they are under hostile environment (genus bacillus and clostridium), composed of dipicolinic acid
ENDOSPORES
71
resistant to heat, drying, chemical agents and radiation
dipicolinic acid
72
what is the process of spore formation called?
SPORULATION
73
______ IS THE PROCESS WHEN BACTERIUM RETURNS TO ITS VEGETATIVE STATE
GERMINATION
74
____ is what occurs when environment is not favorable to the bacterium
SPORULATION
75
NAME THE DIFFERENT COCCI according to arrangement
``` DIPLOCOCCI- 2 cocci near each other TETRAD- 4 together SARCINA- 8 clustered STREPTOCOCCI- chain STAPHYLOCOCCI-- grape ```
76
NAME THE DIFFERENT BACILLI according to arrangement
STREPTOBACILLI- CHAIN | SINGLE ROD- SINGLE BACILLUS
77
NAME THE DIFFERENT SPIRALS according to arrangement
VIBRIO- KIDNEY SHAPED C SPIRILLA- S LIKE SPIROCHETE- CURLY
78
what allows spirochete to move in a spiral motion?
axial filaments/endoflagella

MICROLEC (6 decks)

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