Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MICROLEC > F- MICROBIAL CONTROL > Flashcards

F- MICROBIAL CONTROL Flashcards

1
Q

TWO ways to control microbial growth?

A

physical and chemical methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

it involves the destruction or elimination of ALL microbes including, cells, spores and viruses

A

STERILIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

this is used today to eliminate pathogens from milk and most other beverages

A

PASTEURIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The REDUCTION of microbial populations to level considered safe by public health standards

A

SANITIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

process by which MOST microbial forms in a non-living object are DESTROYED

A

DISINFECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

use of chemical agents on living tissues (skin) to prevent the spread of microorganisms, either by inhibiting their growth or destroying them

A

ANTISEPSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Substance used to eliminate microorganisms in living tissue

A

ANTISEPTIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

agent used to eliminate pathogens in non-living entities

A

DISINFECTANT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

AGENT THAT KILLS

A

“CIDE” EX FUNGICIDE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

AGENT THAT INHIBITS GROWTH

A

“STATIC”, VIROSTATIC (INHIBITS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

term used to describe increase in number

A

GROWTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

give the PHYSICIAL methods used to destroy or control pathogens

A
  • heat
  • combination of heat and pressure
  • desiccation
  • radiation
  • filtration
  • refrigeration/ low temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

this is a physical method of microbial control which is the most practical, efficient, and inexpensive method of sterilization

A

HEAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the two factors that affect heat for sterilization

A

temperature and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

baking in a thermostatically controlled oven provides effective sterilization of metals, glassware, some powders, oils and waxes

A

DRY HEAT STERILIZATION (dry-heat baking)

160-165C for 2 hrs or 170-180C for 1 hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give one example of dry heat sterilization?

A

-flaming a wire inoculating loop in a Bunsen burner flame, or using an electrical heating device

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

heat applied in the presence of moisture, as in boiling or steaming, it is faster and more effective than dry heat and can be accomplished at a lower temperature.

A

MOIST HEAT STERILIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens to proteins when moist heat occurs?

A

COAGULATE (turns semisolid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

uses steam under pressure to completely destroy all microbial life

A

AUTOCLAVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the pressure used in an autoclave and at what temperature?

A

15 psi and 121.5C for 20 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is usually being sterilized when using an autoclave?

A
  • culture media
  • instruments
  • dressings
  • intravenous equipment
  • applicators
  • solutions
  • syringes
  • transfusion equipment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

eliminate pathogenic microbes, lower microbial numbers, which prolongs milk’s good quality under refrigeration

A

PASTEURIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the three methods of pasteurization?

A

UHT- ultra high temperature (we use high temperature 280 degrees for 4-5 seconds

HTST- HIGH TEMPERATURE SHORT TIME ( RAW MILK is heated at 161 degrees for 15 seconds then rapidly cooled)

LOW TEMPERATURE- (145degrees f for 30mins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the TWO types of heat sterilization?

A
  • heat (dry and moist)

- pasteurization (UHT, HTST, LT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
is used to sterilize heat-sensitive materials, such as some culture media, enzymes, vaccines and antibiotic solutions
FILTRATION
26
remove almost all microorganisms larger than about 0.3mm in diameter
HEPA FILTER
27
cellulose esters or plastic polymers, have become popular for industrial and laboratory use, these filters are only 1 mm thick
MEMBRANE FILTERS
28
What type of filter is equipped using a biosafety cabinet?
HEPA FILTER
29
metabolic rate of most microbes is so reduced that they cannot reproduce or synthesize toxins
LOW TEMPERATURES/ REFRIGERATION (ordinary refrigerators 0-7C)
30
this is the removal of water, microorganisms cannot grow or reproduce but can remain viable for years.
DESICCATION
31
use of high concentrations of salts and sugars to preserve food, based on the effects of _______.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
32
HIGH CONCENTRATION OF THESE SUBSTANCES CREATE ______ THAT CAUSES WATER TO LEAVE THE MICROBIAL CELL
HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT
33
kills microorganisms which has two types, ionizing and non ionizing
RADIATION
34
(gamma rays, X rays, high-energy electron beams)- has a wavelength shorter than that of the other type, less than about 1 nm, therefore it carries much more energy.
IONIZING RADIATION
35
This type of radiation is more frequently used in laboratories has a longer wavelength, usually greater than about 1 nm. UV is an example.
NONIONZING RADIATION
36
What does UV light damage in an exposed cell?
DNA, it causes bonds to form adjacent pyrimidine bases
37
what is a major disadvantage of UV light as a disinfectant?
- radiation is not very penetrating, so the organisms to be killed must be directly exposed to the rays.
38
the principle effect of ____-- is the ionization of water, which forms highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. These radicals react with organic cellular components especially DNA.
RADIATION. used to sterilize pharmaceuticals, disposable dental and medical supplies. placed inside a UV cabinet
39
used in teaching laboratories to evaluate the efficacy of a chemical agent
DISK-DIFFUSION METHOD
40
what do you call the halo or circle on the outside of the disk that is used to indicate the efficacy?
ZONE OF INHIBITION (the bigger the zone the more effective)
41
the first person to use phenol (carbolic acid) to control surgical infections in the operating room.
Joseph Lister
42
often used in throat lozenges for its local anesthetic effect but has little antimicrobial effect at low concentrations. It is however disagreeable in odor and it can irritate the skin as such it is now rarely used as an antiseptic
PHENOL
43
derivative of phenol
PHENOLICS
44
exert antimicrobial activity by injuring lipid-containing plasma membranes, which results in leakage of cellular contents
PHENOLICS
45
what is the main ingredient of Lysol?
O-phenylphenol
46
derivative of phenol that contain TWO phenolic groups connected by a bridge
BISPHENOLS (bis indicates TWO)
47
name an ingredient used in prescription lotion, used for surgical and hospital microbial control procedures and name an ingredient in antibacterial soaps which inhibits an enzyme needed for biosynthesis of fatty acids
HEXACHLOROPHENE TRICLOSAN
48
this disinfectant has broad spectrum of activity with mode of action primarily affecting BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANES. It is not sporicidal but have some activity against enveloped viruses
BIGUANIDES
49
frequently used for microbial control on skin and mucous membranes. Combined with a detergent or alcohol it is very often used for surgical hand scrubs and preoperative skin preparation in patients
CHLORHEXIDINE a type of biguanide -ALSO a component of mouthwash (oral cavity) gargle is not the same (it involves air)
50
particularly iodine and chlorine, effective antimicrobial agents, both alone and as constituents of inorganic or organic compounds
HALOGENS
51
one of the oldest and most effective antiseptics, it impairs protein synthesis and alters cell membranes, apparently by forming complexes with amino acids and unsaturated fatty acid.
(I2) IODINE
52
widely used disinfectant, germicidal action is caused by the hypochlorous acid. Prevents much of the cellular enzyme system from functioning
CHLORINE (Cl2)
53
what is formed when bleach/chlorine is added to water?
HYDROCHLOROUS ACID
54
Combination of iodine and an organic molecule from which iodine is released slowly
IODOPHORS- have antimicrobial activity of iodine but they do not stain and are less irritating. *betadine- the most common commercial preparation
55
effectively kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores and non-enveloped viruses. Mechanism of action is usually protein denaturation, can also disrupt membranes and dissolve many lipid
ALCOHOLS -it can be both antiseptic and disinfectant
56
what are the two most common forms of alcohol?
- ethanol | - isopropanol
57
what is the recommended optimum concentration of ethanol?
70%
58
this is often sold as rubbing alcohol, is slightly superior to ethanol as an antiseptic and disinfectant
ISOPROPANOL
59
among the two alcohols which is more drying?
-both ethanol and isopropyl alcohol are similar in function and structure BUT ethanol is capable of drying out the skin if used without additional agents. Because of this isopropyl is a better solution and more often used as an antiseptic. 1. eth dries tissue faster 2. iso has more carbon atoms making it more effective
60
they are able to exert antimicrobial activity through oligodynamic action
HEAVY METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS (SILVER AND COPPER)
61
heavy metal contains antimicrobial activity even in very small amounts
OLIGODYNAMIC ACTION
62
this is what you call the antimicrobial property done by heavy metals
oligodynamic property
63
what solution is used for ophthalmia neonatorum (crede's prophylaxis)? (babies born from gonorrhea mothers/std)
1% silver nitrate solution (silver) *erythromycin cream is more commonly used this day,
64
topical cream used on burns
SILVERSULFADIAZINE
65
new antimicrobial for application to surfaces, contains water-insoluble silver iodide
SURFACINE
66
Used chiefly to destroy green algae (algicide) that grow in reservoirs, stock ponds, swimming pools, and fish tanks
COPPER SULFATE
67
common ingredient in mouthwashes
ZINC CHLORIDE
68
an ingredient in antidandruff shampoo
ZINC PYRITHIONE
69
decrease surface tension among molecules of a liquid. Such agents include soaps and detergents
SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
70
these have little value as an antiseptic, but it does have an important function in the mechanical removal of microbes through scrubbing
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
71
soaps breaks the oily film into tiny droplets, what is this process called?
EMULSIFICATION
72
most widely used surface-active agents, strongly bactericidal against gram-positive bacteria and less active against gram-negative bacteria. it is fungicidal, amoebicidal, and virucidal against enveloped viruses. Chemical mode of action is unknown but probably affect plasma membrane.
QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (QUATS)
73
a popular quats:
-benzalkonium chloride (zephiran) used for cleaning the cuticles
74
these are used to preserve or lengthen food shelf-life
CHEMICAL FOOD PRESERVATIVES
75
disinfectant used in wine-making
SULFUR DIOXIDE
76
prevents molds from growing in certain acidic foods such as cheese and soft drinks
sorbic acid, potassium sorbate sodium benzoate
77
antifungal antibiotic approved use in foods, mostly cheese
NATAMYCIN (PRIMARICIN)
78
They inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross-links with several organic functional groups on proteins
ALDEHYDE
79
available as formalin, 37% aqueous solution, used to preserve biological specimens
FORMALDEHYDE
80
Less irritating and more effective than formaldehyde. used to disinfect hospital instruments, including endoscopes and RT equipment but they must be cleaned carefully.
GLUTARALDEHYDE
81
these are gases used to sterilize an area
CHEMICAL STERILIZATION ethylene oxide- kills all microbes and endospores but requires a lengthy exposure period of several hours chlorine dioxide- used to fumigate enclosed building area
82
group of oxidizing agents that include hydrogen peroxide and peraceetic acid
PEROXYGENS
83
effectively disinfect inanimate objects it is even sporicidal at high concentrations
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
84
ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE LIQUID CHEMICAL SPORICIES AVAILABLE AND CAN BE USED AS A STERILANT
PERACETIC ACID

MICROLEC (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions