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F-PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

scientific study of disease

A

Pathology

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3
Q

____=suffering

_____= science

A

pathos

logos

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4
Q

the manner in which a disease develops

A

Pathogenesis

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5
Q

ability of an organism to cause disease;

A

Pathogenecity

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6
Q

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms

A

Infection

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7
Q

occurs when an infection results in any change from a state of health

A

Disease

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8
Q

what are the six involved in the chain of infection

A 
causative agent
reservoir
portal of exit
method of transmission
portal of entry
host
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9
Q

what are examples of a reservoir

A

humans
animals
soil
water

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10
Q

what are causative agents of infection?

A 
bacteria
fungi
viruses
protozoa
helminths
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11
Q

what are the portals of exit?

A 
gastrointestinal tract
urogenital tract
upper respiratory tract
blood
broken skin
mucous membrane
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12
Q

what are some methods of transmission

A 
indirect/direct contact
airborne
food
water
body fluids
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13
Q

what are some of the portal of entries

A 
gastrointestinal tract
urogenital tract
upper respiratory tract
blood
broken skin
mucous membrane
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14
Q

susceptible host can be any person; patient, client, or health worker

A

host

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15
Q

any person, animal, arthropod, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies, on which it depends primarily on survival.

A

RESERVOIR

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16
Q

this type of reservoir include people, insects, birds, and other animals

A

ANIMATE RESERVOIR

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17
Q

this type of reservoir include soil, water, food, feces, and intravenous fluid and equipment

A

INANIMATE RESERVOIR

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18
Q

what are the ways we can break the chain of infection?

A

elimination of sources of infection (reservoir)
appropriate handling of contaminated items,
appropriate handling and disposal of body secretions

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19
Q

site from where micro-organisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection

A

PORTAL OF EXIT

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20
Q

the movement of the transmission of pathogens from a reservoir to a susceptible host.

A

METHOD OF TRANSMISSION

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21
Q

also known as person-to-person contact.

A

DIRECT CONTACT

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22
Q

nonliving object used to transmit the pathogen to a susceptible host.

A

INDIRECT CONTACT

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23
Q

this is what you call the objects that can transmit pathogens

A

FOMITE

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24
Q

pathogens are spread in mucus droplet that travel only short distances, usually less than one meter from reservoir to host, discharged into air by coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking

A

DROPLET TRANSMISSION

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25
pathogens transmitted by a medium which could be water, food, or air
VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
26
pathogens are spread by contaminated water
WATERBORNE TRANSMISSION
27
pathogens are transmitted in foods that are improperly cooked or prepared under sanitary conditions
FOODBORNE TRANSMISSION
28
pathogens are spread by droplet nuclei in dust that can harbor more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host. Dust particles can harbour many different types of pathogens. Droplets which are small enough can remain suspended in air for hours and carried by dust or air
AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
29
are arthropods that carry pathogens from one host to another
VECTORS/ VECTORS TRANSMISSION
30
occurs when there is a passive transport of pathogen from insect to the host (flies)
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION
31
occurs when there is a passive transport of pathogen from insect to the host (flies)
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION
32
active process of pathogen transmission for example an insect bite, ingesting its blood and later the pathogen inside the insect reproduce multiple times. EX. dengue and malaria
BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION
33
The site through which microorganisms enter thee susceptible host and cause disease/infection, mucous membrane, skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal tracts
PORTAL OF ENTRY
34
T OR F: pathogens often enter the body of the host through the same route they exited the reservoir
T
35
human body; someone who is at the risk of infection
HOST
36
acquired immunity can be broken down into two what are they?
natural and Artificial
37
what are NATURAL acquired immunity-
active- clinical disease or subclinical infection | passive- from mother, transplacental antibodies, breastmilk
38
artificial acquired immunity
active-vaccination | passive- serum containing immunoglobulins
39
are microorganism that ate capable of causing diseases or infections
CAUSATIVE AGENT
40
is the branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health.
Epidemiology
41
is also used to search for determinants, which refers to the causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events. Determinants can be demographic characteristics, genetic makeup, risk factors, environmental exposure.
Epidemiology
42
epi- demi- ology-
upon people study
43
To understand the full scope of a disease, we should know | something about its occurrence.
LEVEL OF DISEASE
44
disease (e.g. malaria and dengue) is usually present in a community and this may not necessarily be the desired level.
endemic disease
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(e.g. leptospirosis and typhoid fever) disease occurring infrequently and irregularly,.
sporadic disease
46
disease or a persistent high levels of disease occurrence
hyperendemic
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(e.g. influenza) refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.
epidemic
48
carries the same definition of epidemic, but is often used for a more limited geographic area.
outbreak
49
(e.g. COVID-19, SARS, MERS-Cov) refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people
pandemic
50
SEVERITY OR DURATION OF DISEASE- is one that develops rapidly but lasts only a short time (e.g. influenza).
acute disease
51
develops more slowly, and the body’s reactions may be less severe, but the disease is likely to continue or recur for long periods (e.g. hepatitis B).
chronic disease
52
A disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic is described as a _____; an example is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.
subacute disease
53
is one in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease; an example is shingles, one of the diseases caused by varicella virus.
latent disease
54
Once the pathogen overcomes the defenses of the host, the development of a disease follows a definite sequence of events regardless whether it’s acute or chronic.
STAGES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
55
the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms. The time of ________ depends on the specific microorganism involved, its virulence (degree of pathogenicity), the number of infecting microorganisms, and the resistance of the host.
Incubation period
56
– characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease, such as general aches and malaise. This is short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases.
Prodromal period
57
the period where disease is most severe. The person exhibits overt signs and symptoms of the disease contracted. If the patient’s immune system cannot overcome the pathogen present, the patient dies.
Period of Illness
58
also known as the period of effervescence. This is period where signs and symptoms begin to subside but the patient may be vulnerable to secondary infections.
Period of Decline also known as defervescence
59
this period marks the patient’s recovery from the disease. The patient regains strength and body returns to its normal condition.
Period of Convalescence
60
subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.
Symptoms
61
objective changes the physician can observe and measure.
Signs
62
specific group of symptoms or signs, a combination of signs and symptoms
Syndrome
63
spreads from one host to another. (e.g. Chickenpox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis)
Communicable disease
64
not spread from one host to another. (e.g. tetanus, diabetes)
Noncommunicable disease
65
how do we classify infectious diseases?
symptoms, signs, syndrome, communicable disease, noncommunicable disease

MICROLEC (6 decks)

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