F_Chapter 11: BLOOD Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
Composition of blood
A
both solid and liquid components (but appears homogenous)
2
Q
ONLY fluid tissue in the body; complex, atypical connective tissue
A
Blood
3
Q
Components of Blood
A
- Formed elements (blood cells) are suspended in
- Plasma (ground
substance)
4
Q
These 2 are absent in blood and instead it has ________________ which become visible during blood clotting
A
Collagen & elastin fibers
Instead, SOLUBLE PROTEINS become visible as fibrin strands
during blood clotting
5
Q
If a sample of blood is centrifuged, which rise and which fall
A
plasma rises to the top
and
the formed elements fall to the bottom
6
Q
Bottom portion of centrifuged blood is mostly
A
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
7
Q
thin, whitish layer at the junction between the
erythrocytes and the plasma
A
Buffy coat
8
Q
Buffy coat contains–
A
Leukocytes (white blood cells) & Platelets
9
Q
Erythrocytes account for about 45% of the total volume of a blood
sample, a percentage known as
A
hematocrit (“Blood Fraction”)
10
Q
White blood cells and platelets contribute less than ___%, and the
remaining ____% is plasma
A
White blood cells and platelets contribute less than 1%, and the
remaining 55% is plasma
11
Q
90% of plasma volume; solvent for carrying substances; absorbs heat
A
water
12
Q
function of salts in plasma
A
Osmotic balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability
13
Q
Function of plasma protein (albumin)
A
osmotic balance, pH buffering
14
Q
Function of Plasma protein (fibrinogen & globulins
A
Fibrinogen - clotting of blood
Globulin - Defense (antibodies) and lipid transport
15
Q
Substances transported by blood
A
- Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
- Waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid)
- Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
- Hormones (steroids and thyroid hormone are carried by plasma proteins)
16
Q
Constituents of Plasma (how many percent is plasma)
A
55%
- Salts
- Plasma proteins
- Substances transported by blood
17
Q
Formed elements (how many percent)
A
45%
Erythrocytes (4-6 M)
Leukocytes (4,800-10,800 WBCs/mm3 blood)
Platelets (250,000-400,000)
18
Q
Color of blood depends on
What color if oxygen rich and poor?
A
the amount of oxygen it has
Scarlet (oxygen-rich) and Dull Red or Purple (oxygen-poor)
19
Q
pH, temp, volume, percent accounted of body weight of blood?
A
Slightly alkaline with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45
Its temperature is about 38°C or 100.4°F
Volume is normally around 5 to 6 liters in healthy adults
Accounts for 8% of body weight
19
Q
liquid portion of blood; what is its color?
A
plasma; Straw-colored fluid
20
Q
most abundant solutes in plasma, which
is mostly produced by the liver
A
Plasma Proteins
21
Q
acts as a carrier to transport a molecule in the circulation and is also an important bloodbuffer, and contributes to the
osmotic pressure of blood
A
Albumin
22
Q
plasma proteins that prevent blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
A
clotting proteins
23
Q
protect the body from pathogens
A
antibodies
24
Anucleate and contain very few organelles; transport oxygen
ERYTHROCYTES
* Also known as Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
25
Mature RBCs are literally “bags” of ____
hemoglobin molecules
26
an iron-bearing protein, transports most of
the oxygen that is carried in the blood
Hemoglobin (Hb)
27
Erythrocytes Lack mitochondria so they rely on__
external sources for energy
28
RBC to WBC ratio is about ______ – a major factor in ___________
RBC to WBC ratio is about 1000:1 – major factor in blood viscosity
29
As the number of RBC increases = blood viscosity ______
increases
30
Although the number of RBCs are important, it is the amount of ______ inside that really determines how well the erythrocyte are performing their role of oxygen transport
hemoglobin
31
1 RBC contains about _______ hemoglobin molecules, so each can
carry 1 billion molecules of oxygen
250 million hemoglobin
32
1 hemoglobin molecules carries how many oxygen molecules
4
33
Reference value for RBCs (M and F)
13-18 g/ml [Male];
12-16 g/mL [Female]
34
Form a protective, movable army that helps defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and tumor cells
LEUKOCYTES
35
Leukocytes can slip into and out of the blood vessels –this is called
diapedesis
36
The_______ is just the leukocytes' means of transportation to areas of the body where their services are needed
The circulatory system is just their means of transportation to
areas of the body where their services are needed
37
process wherein a WBC can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain
chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells
Positive Chemotaxis
38
Leukocytes' movement through tissue spaces is by _______ motion
amoeboid
39
term used when a total WBC count is above
11,000 cells/mm3; sign of bacterial infection
Leukocytosis
40
refers to low WBC count; caused by
drugs such as anticancer drugs and corticosteroids
Leukopenia
41
2 major classifications of Leukocytes
Granulocytes & Agranulocytes
42
These are Granule-containing WBCs , named for the granules visible in their
cytoplasm when stained with __________
Granulocytes; Wright’s Stain
43
typically consist of several rounded nuclear areas connected by thin strands of nuclear material
Lobed nuclei
44
Most abundant WBCs; Cytoplasm stains ____
Neutrophils
Most abundant WBCs; Cytoplasm stains pink
45
Multilobed nucleus and very fine granules (type of granulocyte)
Neutrophils
46
(type of granulocyte)
Avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection; usually first responders
Usually targets bacteria and fungi
Neutrophils
47
Action to kill invading pathogens: (+ in what granulocyte?)
Respiratory Burst; Neutrophil
48
2 types of neutrophil (physically)
Band and Segmented
49
(type of granulocyte) Have a blue-red nucleus and brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Eosinophil
50
Their number increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms ingested in food such as raw fish or through skin entry
Also increase in allergic reactions
Eosinophil
51
Rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules
* Stain ________
Basophils
* Stain dark blue to purple
52
potent inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflamed site (in basophils)
Histamine
53
increase during allergic reactions; and even increase in cancers
Basophils
54
leukocytes that Lack visible cytoplasmic granules when stained
shape of its nuclei?
AGRANULOCYTES
Nuclei is spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
55
types of granulocytes
a. neutrophil
b. basophil
c. eosinophil
56
Large, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume
lymphocyte
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types of agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
58
type of agranulocyte Only slightly larger than RBCs
Lymphocytes
59
Lymphocytes Tend to take up residence in ________ – such as_______
lymphatic tissues such as tonsils
60
Largest WBC
* Distinct U- or Kidney-shaped nucleus
MONOCYTES
61
When monocytes migrate into tissues, they change into ________
Macrophages
62
63
are important in fighting chronic infections such as tuberculosis, and in activating lymphocytes
Macrophages
64
From most abundant WBC to least abundant,
N-L-M-E-B
65
T or F. Platelets are not cells
T
66
Platelets are fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells known as
-_______
Megakaryocytes
67
platelets appear as _________, irregularly shaped bodies scattered among the other blood cell
darkly staining
68
Needed for the clotting process that stops blood loss from blood vessels
Platelets
69
Salmon-colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected
Erythrocytes
70
Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
71
Occurrence in blood (cells/mm³)
Erythrocyte -
Leukocytes -
Neutrophils -
Eosinophils -
Basophil -
Lymphocytes -
Monocytes -
Platelets -
Erythrocyte - 4-6 million
Leukocytes - 4800-10800
Neutrophils - 3000-7000 (40-70%)
Eosinophils - 100-400 (1-4%)
Basophil - 20-50 (0-1%)
Lymphocytes - 1500-3000 (20-45%)
Monocytes - 100-700 (4-8%)
Platelets - 150000-400000
72
Occurs in the bone marrow, or myeloid tissue; blood cell formation
HEMATOPOIESIS
73
Myeloid tissue is found in
In adults, this tissue is found chiefly in the axial skeleton, pectoral and
pelvic girdles, and proximal ends of the humerus and femur
74
All the formed elements rise from a common stem cell called
Hemocytoblast (“blood cell former”)
75
Hemocytoblast forms two types of descendants:
* Lymphoid stem cell (form into lymphocyte)
* Myeloid stem cell (which produce all other classes)
76
Lost blood cells are replaced continuously by
hemocytoblast
77
Formation of RBC I
1. Lost blood cells are replaced continuously by ______________
2. The developing RBCs divide many times and begin synthesizing __________
3. When enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the ___________ are ejected, and the cell collapses inward
4. The result of this process is the young RBC known as a ________
5. Reticulocytes still contain some _______________
6. The reticulocytes enter the ________ to begin transporting ________
7. Within ____ days of release, they have ejected the remaining ER and
have become ____________________
1. Lost blood cells are replaced continuously by hemocytoblast
2. The developing RBCs divide many times and begin synthesizing hemoglobin
3. When enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus
and most organelles are ejected, and the cell collapses inward
4. The result of this process is the young RBC known as a reticulocyte
5. Reticulocytes still contain some rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
6. The reticulocytes enter the bloodstream to begin transporting oxygen
7. Within 2 days of release, they have ejected the remaining ER and
have become fully functioning erythrocytes
78
Formation of RBC 2
8. The entire developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC
takes ______ days
9. _____________ controls the rate of erythrocyte production
10. The______ play the major role in producing erythropoietin
11. _____ produces a few only
12. When ___________begins to decline, the kidneys release
erythropoietin
13. This is the reason why people with advanced kidney disease become anemic?
8. The entire developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC
takes 3-5 days
9. Erythropoietin (EPO) controls the rate of erythrocyte production
10. The Kidneys play the major role in producing erythropoietin
11. Liver produces a few only
12. When blood level of oxygen begins to decline, the kidneys release
erythropoietin
13. This is the reason why people with advanced kidney disease become anemic?
(blood level of oxygen begins to decline, the kidneys release
erythropoietin)
79
Low blood O2 carrying ability is due to (3)?
- decreased RBC count
- Decreased amount of hemoglobin
- Decreased availability of O2
80
RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 1
Since RBCs are anucleate, they are unable to
synthesize proteins, grow or divide
81
RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 2
As they age, RBCs become rigid and begin to fall apart in ____ days
120 days
82
RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 3
Remains of RBC destruction are eliminated by
phagocytes in the spleen and liver
83
RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 4
T or F. Some RBC components are salvaged for later use and recycle
T
84
RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 5
Iron is bound to protein as _______ when the RBC is broken down
ferritin
85
RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 6
Heme group is degraded to__________, which is then secreted into the
intestine by the ________
bilirubin
liver cells
86
RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 7
The bilirubin then becomes a brown pigment known as _______
that leaves the body in feces
stercobilin
87
RED BLOOD CELL DESTRUCTION 8
_______ is broken down to amino acids, which are released into the
circulation to use again later
Globin
88
FORMATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
AND PLATELETS
1. Formation of leukocytes and platelets is stimulated by ________
2. _______________ and __________stimulate bone marrow to produce leukocytes
3. Furthermore, CSF and interleukin enhance the ability of mature
_________to protect the body
4. ____________, a hormone produced by the liver, accelerates the production of platelets from __________
FORMATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
AND PLATELETS
1. Formation of leukocytes and platelets is stimulated by HORMONES
2. Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) and Interleukins stimulate bone marrow to produce leukocytes
3. Furthermore, CSF and interleukin enhance the ability of mature
leukocytes to protect the body
4. Thrombopoietin, a hormone produced by the liver, accelerates the production of platelets from megakaryocytes
89
When a blood vessel wall breaks, a series of reactions start called?
hemostasis
90
describe hemostasis in terms of speed and area affected
This process is fast and localized
91
Involves many substances present in plasma, and some released by
platelets and injured tissue cells
HEMOSTASIS
92
PHASES OF HEMOSTASIS
1. VASCULAR SPASMS OCCUR
2. PLATELET PLUG FORMS
3. COAGULATION EVENTS OCCUR
93
Blood loss at the site is prevented when _________ grows into the
clot and seals the hole in the blood vessel
fibrous tissue
94
The immediate response to blood vessel injury is________
vasoconstriction (VASCULAR SPASMS OCCUR)
95
these narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss until clotting
can occur
VASCULAR SPASMS
96
Other factors causing vessel spasms:
(1) Direct injury to the smooth muscle cells
(2) Stimulation of local pain receptors
(3) Release of Serotonin by anchored platelets
97
In Platelet plug formation, Platelets are repelled by an________________
intact endothelium
98
When the underlying collagen fibers of a broken vessel are exposed,
the platelets become ______ and ______
“sticky” and cling to the damaged site
99
During Platelet Plug formation
Anchored platelets release chemicals that enhance the _________ and attract more _________
As more and more platelets pile up, a _______forms
vascular spasms
platelets to the site
platelet plug
100
Coagulation events occur
the injured tissues release __________
tissue factor (TF)
101
During coagulation event; After TF is released; TF interacts with ___________, a phospholipid that coats the
surfaces of the platelets
PF3 (Platelet Factor 3)
102
Combination of TF and PF3 interacts with other clotting factors and _________ which are essential for many steps in the clotting process, to form___________ → that leads to the formation of ________
calcium ions (Ca2+)
form an activator
Thrombin
103
an enzyme, that joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long, hairlike molecules of _________
Thrombin,
insoluble fibrin
104
forms a meshwork that traps RBCs & forms the basis of the clot
Fibrin
105
Within the hour, the clot begins to retract, squeezing ______ from the
mass and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.
serum
106
Normally, blood clots within ______minutes
3 to 6 minutes
107
As a rule, once the clotting cascade has started, the triggering factors are
rapidly _________ to prevent _______
inactivated; widespread clotting
108
Eventually during blood clot the endothelium _______, and the clot is _______
Eventually, the endothelium regenerates, and the clot is broken down
109
Applying_______ over a cut or applying ________to a wound would speed up the clotting process
Applying sterile gauze over a cut or applying pressure to a wound
110
Gauze during a blood clot provides a ___________
rough surface to which the platelets can adhere
111
Pressure applied in blood clot results in ______________________
results in fracturing the cells, increasing the release of tissue
factor locally
112
Loss of ___________ percent of blood lead to pallor and weakness
15 to 30
113
Loss of over ___percent causes severe shock – which can be fatal
30
114
______________ are routinely given to replace substantial
blood loss and to treat severe anemia or thrombocytopenia
Wholeblood transfusions
115
A ___________ collects blood from a donor and mixes anticoagulants
with it to prevent clotting
blood bank
116
The treated blood can be stored until needed for about ____ days; Refrigerated at _________
35 to 42 days
4°C or 39.2F
117
T or F. Transfusing incompatible or mismatched blood can be fatal
T
118
The plasma membranes of RBCs bear _______________
genetically determined
proteins (antigens)
119
a substance that the body recognizes as foreign – it stimulates the immune system to mount a defense against it
Antigen
120
Most antigens are ___________ – e.g., partof viruses & bacteria
foreign proteins
121
T or F. Although each of us tolerates our own cellular antigens, one
person’s RBC proteins will be recognized as foreign if transfused to
another person with a different RBC antigen
T
122
The recognizers are __________present in the plasma that attach
to RBCs bearing surface antigens different from those on the
patient’s (recipient’s) RBCs
Antibodies
123
the Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump - called?
Agglutination
124
Agglutination leads to __________________
clogging of small blood vessels
125
Most devastating consequence of severe transfusion reaction is
that freed hemoglobin molecules may_________ – causing
kidney failure and death
block the kidney tubules
126
To prevent kidney damage, fluids are infused to ______ and ______ the hemoglobin and diuretics to_________ through urine
To prevent kidney damage, fluids are infused to dilute and dissolve the hemoglobin and diuretics to flush it out through urine
127
There are over ____ common RBC antigens in humans, so each
person’s blood cells can be classified into several different blood groups
30
128
we focus on the ABO and Rh blood groups – since they
give the most vigorous transfusion reactions
129
ABO blood groups are Based on which of two antigens – _______ and absence of bot h results in
type A or Type B, are inherited
type O blood
130
Presence of both type A and B lead to type
Presence of both antigens lead to type AB
131
In the ABO blood group, antibodies form during infancy against the
ABO antigens that are ______________
In the ABO blood group, antibodies form during infancy against the
ABO antigens that are NOT present on your own RBCs
132
Rh blood group is Named as Rh because one of eight Rh antigens ____________ was originally identified in ____________
(agglutinogen D
Rhesus Monkeys
133
A person is Rh-Positive when their RBCs carry ________
Rh antigen
134
Unlike the antibodies of the ABO systems, anti-Rh antibodies are
not automatically _____________________
However, if an Rh-Negative person receives Rh-Positive blood, shortly
after the transfusion, their immune system becomes _______ and
begins ______________________
formed when a person is Rh-Negative
sensitized
producing anti-Rh antibodies against the foreign antigen
135
Must determine ________ BEFORE a major transfusion
blood type
136
Always remember: ANTIBODIES AGAINST A PERSON’S
OWN BLOOD TYPE WILL ___________
ANTIBODIES AGAINST A PERSON’S
OWN BLOOD TYPE WILL NOT BE PRODUCED!
137
Blood typing Process involves testing the blood by _____________
mixing it with two different types of immune serum – Anti-A & Anti-B
138
occurs when RBCs of a type A person are mixed with the Anti-A serum but not when they are mixed with the Anti-B serum
Agglutination
139
To double check blood compatibility, __________ is also done
crossmatching
140
Typing for _________ is done in the same manner as ABO blood typing
Rh Factors
141
Involves testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s
serum and of the recipient’s RBCs by the donor serum
CROSSMATCHING
142
Major or minor crossmatching?
- Patients Serum; Donor RBCs
– Patients RBCs; Donor Serum
Major Crossmatching – Patients Serum; Donor RBCs
Minor Crossmatching – Patients RBCs; Donor Serum
143
Type A contains _______; agglutinates with _________
contains antigen A
agglutinates with anti-A serum
144
Type B contains _______; agglutinates with _________
contains antigen B
agglutinates with anti-B serum
145
Type AB contains _______; agglutinates with _________
contains antigens A and B
agglutinates with both sera
146
Type O contains _______; agglutinates with _________
contains no antigens
does not agglutinate with any serum
147
decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Anemia
148
Anemia literally means
“Lacking blood”
149
Anemia may be May be the result of:
o (1) A lower-than-normal number of RBCs
o (2) Abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content
150
Types of Anemia with direct cause of Decrease in RBC #
1. Hemorrhagic anemia
2. Hemolytic (he0mo-lit9ik) anemia
3. Pernicious (per-nish9us) anemia
4. Aplastic anemia
151
Type of Anemia with direct cause of Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
Iron-deficiency anemia
152
Type of Anemia with direct cause of Abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
Sickle cell anemia
153
Anemia resulting from
1. Sudden hemorrhage
2. Lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections
3. Lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of the vitamin;
intrinsic factor is formed by stomach mucosa cells)
4. Depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications
1. Hemorrhagic anemia
2. Hemolytic (he0mo-lit9ik) anemia
3. Pernicious (per-nish9us) anemia
4. Aplastic anemia
154
Anemia resulting from Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding (such as heavy menstrual flow or bleeding ulcer), which
depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin
Iron-deficiency anemia
155
Anemia resulting from Genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under conditions of increased oxygen use by body; or low oxygen levels in general occurs mainly in people of African descent
Sickle cell anemia
156
Carry two defective genes that cause sickling; results in
Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
Results in abnormal hemoglobin being formed
157
Hemoglobin becomes Spiky and Sharp (Crescent-Shape)
Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
158
Stimuli for Sickling: (Sickle Cell Anemia)
Consequences of Sickling:
Stimuli for Sickling:
(1) Oxygen is unloaded
( 2 ) Oxygen content in the blood decreases below normal
Consequences of Sickling:
(1) RBC rupture easily
(2) Due to its shape, it clogs up small blood vessels (esp. capillaries)
159
May cause hypoxia and cause extreme pain
Sickle Cell Anemia
160
CONSEQUENCE OF GENETIC DEFECT of Sickle Cell Anemia
(1) Affects the DNA Transcription & Translation Processes
(2) A SINGLE Amino Acid is changed from the Amino Acid chain
(3) 6th Amino Acid, Glutamic Acid → Valine
161
Sickle Cell anemia DEMOGRAPHIC
- Common in the Black Population who live in the malaria belt of Africa
- In the Philippines: Palawan (Puerto Princesa)
162
RELATIONSHIP OF MALARIA AND SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
(1) For people with SCA, they are ________ to Malaria Infection
(2) The gene responsible for sickling causes the malaria-causing
parasite ___________ to stick to _________
(3) Due to it sticking, it loses _________ – essential in its survival
RELATIONSHIP OF MALARIA AND SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
(1) For people with SCA, they are immune to Malaria Infection
(2) The gene responsible for sickling causes the malaria-causing parasite (Plasmodium spp.) to stick to capillary walls
(3) Due to it sticking, it loses potassium – essential in its survival
163
SICKLE CELL TRAIT (SCT)
* Those carrying only ________
* SCT generally do not _______
* However, they can _________ to their offspring
SICKLE CELL TRAIT (SCT)
* Those carrying only 1 sickling gene
* SCT generally do not display symptoms
* However, they can pass on the sickling gene to their offspring
164
Normal erythrocyte has normal hemoglobin amino acid sequence in the beta chain while sickled erythrocyte results from a ______ in the beta chain of hemoglobin
single amino acid change
165
An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
POLYCYTHEMIA
166
Common Causes of Polycythemia
(1) Bone marrow cancer –Polycythemia vera
(2) Normal physiologic response to living at HIGH ALTITUDES
- Air is thinner
- Less oxygen is available
- AKA Secondary Polycythemia
167
Excessive production of white blood cells: Literally means “White Blood”
LEUKEMIA
168
Bone marrow becomes cancerous → Increased WBC Production
LEUKEMIA
169
In Leukemia, the newborn “WBCs” formed are __________ and incapable of carrying out their normal protective functions
immature (Blasts)
170
During leukemia, Since other blood cell lines are crowded out, ________ and __________result
severe anemia and
bleeding problems
171
UNDESIRABLE Clotting May be caused by anything that roughens the ________ of a
blood vessel and encourages clinging of _____
endothelium
platelets
172
Common Causes of UNDESIRABLE Clotting :
Severe burns,
physical blows,
accumulation of fatty material
173
Slowly flowing blood, or blood pooling, is another risk factor of this –
especially in immobilized patients
UNDESIRABLE clotting
174
In cases of _________, the clotting factors are not washed away as
usual and accumulate so that clot formation becomes possible. (UNDESIRABLE clotting)
blood pooling
175
Treatment for Clotting
Treatment: Anticoagulants (e.g., Aspirin, Heparin, Warfarin)
176
2 types of clotting
Thrombus
Embolus
177
clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
THROMBUS
178
If the thrombus is large enough, it may prevent __________
Example, a pulmonary thrombosis leads to the death of lung tissue and
fatal hypoxia
blood from flowing to cells beyond the blockage
179
Results when a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and
floats freely in the bloodstream
EMBOLUS
180
Usually, no problem unless or until it lodges in a vessel too narrow for it
to pass through
EMBOLUS
181
example of thrombus and embolus
Example, a pulmonary thrombosis leads to the death of lung tissue and
fatal hypoxia
For example, a cerebral embolus may cause a stroke, in which brain
tissue dies
182
Common causes of bleeding disorders
(1) Platelet deficiency
(2) Deficiency of some of the clotting factors
183
When the ______ is unable to synthesize its usual supply of clotting
factors – abnormal and often severe bleeding occurs
liver
184
_________ is needed by liver cells to produce Clotting Factors.
Vitamin K
185
When liver function is severely impaired (e.g hepatitis) only
________ are helpful
whole blood transfusions
186
Results from an insufficient number of circulating platelets
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
187
Thrombocytopenia Can arise from any condition that suppresses the
bone marrow
such as
- bone marrow cancer,
- radiation, or
- certain drugs
188
In this disorder, even normal movements cause spontaneous
bleeding from small blood vessels
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
189
Thrombocytopenia is evidenced by many small purplish blotches known as _________ (resembles a rash)
petechiae
190
Applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of certain clotting factors
HEMOPHILIA
191
Even minor tissue trauma results in prolonged bleeding; life threatening
HEMOPHILIA
192
In hemophilia, Repeated bleeding into joints causes them to become _______
disabled
193
To help with the symptoms of hemophilia: hemophiliacs are given a transfusion of ________ or injections of the __________ they lack
fresh plasma
purified clotting factor
194
Since Hemophiliac patients rely heavily on transfusion, they are prone to___________
Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs)
