F_Chapter 15: Urinary System Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
This organ alone perform the functions of the urinary system
Why? what’s the function of the other organs in the urinary system?
A
Kidneys
Other organs in the urinary system only provide temporary storage for urine or serve as transportation channels to carry it from the kidneys to the outside of the bod
2
Q
What gland are found on the top of the kidney
A
Adrenal gland
3
Q
a long tube that delivers the urine created by the kidney into the bladder
A
Ureter
4
Q
storage site of urine temporarily
until it goes out of the urethra
A
Urinary Bladder
5
Q
delivers urine to the outside
A
urethra
6
Q
Kidneys are just floating inside t body, but it doesn’t move around because it is anchored to the surrounding tissues, organs, and blood vessels through the
what protective layer of the kdiney??
A
Renal Fascia
7
Q
This structure captures all the urine created from the renal cortex into the medulla
and then the pelvis. It goes into the bladder
A
Renal Pelvis
8
Q
Structures within the renal pelvis that will help capture urine created
A
Calyces
Assists in capturing and draining urine
9
Q
the part where there are a lot of
blood vessels. part where it is being held; where filtration happens; blood gets filtered out
A
Renal Cortex
10
Q
Filtrate being created by the renal cortex is pushed down to the _____
A
renal pyramids
11
Q
The capillary bed in the renal kidney
Gets blood from the approaching _____________- (the artery before it)
A
Glomerulus
Gets blood from the approaching Cortical Radiate Artery
12
Q
Most capillary beds function for absorption but the glomerulus functions for ________
A
Filtration
13
Q
Most Important Capillary/ Blood Vessel
A
- Peritubular Capillaries
- Glomerulus
14
Q
What structure of the nephron is more important?
What are the functions of each structure?
A
Renal Corpuscle is more important
Renal Tubule only helps in delivery of urine
15
Q
________ is important in creating urine because it involves the principle of filtration
A
Blood pressure
16
Q
This structure captures “filtrate” being filtered by glomerulus
A
Bowman’s Capsule (Glomerular Capsule)
17
Q
Last part of the renal tubule, where all
the final adjustments are being done
What are these final adjustments? What do you call the substance that goes out in this part?
A
Collecting Duct
it release and absorbs molecules to create the final product. After everything, the product that goes out is called the URINE
18
Q
What do you call the substance that goes out of the glomerulus?
A
Filtrate
19
Q
Size of the kidney? (structure) What are its 3 protective layers?
A
The kidney is about the size of a large bar of soap
Three protective layers:
(1) Fibrous Capsule – transparent layer, gives glistening appearance
(2) Perirenal Fat Capsule – fatty mass, cushions the kidneys
(3) Renal Fascia – mostsuperficial layer of dense fibrous connective tissue; anchor
20
Q
3 regions of the Kidney?
A
(1)Renal Cortex – the outer region
(2)Renal Medulla – deep to the cortex; has renal pyramids
(3)Renal Pelvis – funnel-shaped tube; continuous with the ureter
21
Q
This is are extensions of the renal pelvis that form “drains” that enclose the tips of the pyramids
What is its main function?
A
Calyces (Calyx)
Collect urine which continuously drain from the tips of the pyramids into the renal pelvis
22
Q
How do kidneys contribute to blood supply?
What does it do to the blood? How many % blood supply passes through?
A
Kidneys continuously cleanse the blood and adjust its composition
Approximately 25% of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute
23
Q
this supplies the kidney w/ oxygenated & nutrient-rich blood
What is the flow of blood?
A
Renal Artery
Aorta –> Renal Artery –> Segmental artery –> Interlobar artery –> Arcuate artery –> Cortical radiate artery –> Afferent arteriole –>
–>GLOMERULUS (capillaries) –> Efferent arteriole –> PERITUBULAR capillaries
–> Cortical radiate vein –> Arcuate vein –> Interlobar vein –> Renal vein –> Inferior vena cava
24
Q
Structural and Functional units of each kidney
* Responsible for forming urine
What are its 2 main structures?
A
NEPHRONS
Each nephron consists of two main structures:
(1) Renal Corpuscle
(2) Renal Tubule
25
a structure of nephrons that consists of a glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule
## Footnote
What is a glomerulus? What is the bowman's capsule? (describe structure)
RENAL CORPUSCLE
## Footnote
*** Glomerulus** is a knot of capillaries
*** Bowman’s Capsule** (Glomerular Capsule) is a hollow structure
encloses the glomerulus
26
The inner layer of the capsule found in the renal corpuscle is made up of?
## Footnote
What are found in the openings between these structures? What are its functions?
podocytes
## Footnote
**Podocytes have foot processes that intertwine with each other**
The openings between these podocytes are **filtration slits** that allow the podocytes to create a **porous membrane** which is ideal for **filtration**
27
a structure of nephron that **Extends from the glomerulus**, then it coils and twists forming a hairpin loop and then coil and twist again before entering the **collecting duct**
## Footnote
The collecting ducts run ______________ (what direction?)
and they deliver _________________ into _________?
RENAL TUBULE
## Footnote
* **Collecting Ducts** run downwards to the **medullary pyramids**
* Collecting Ducts **deliver the FINAL urine** product into the **calyces and renal pelvis**
28
FLOW OF URINE
(1) Glomerulus → (2) Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) → (3) Loop of Henle →(4)Distal Convoluted Tubule →(5) Collecting Duct
29
30
Types of Nephrons according to location
1. Cortical Nephrons
2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons
## Footnote
a) Cortical Nephrons – make up majority of the nephrons; almost entirely in the cortex
b) Juxtamedullary Nephrons – situated close to the cortex-medulla junction
31
# Type of nephron
make up majority of the nephrons; almost
entirely in the cortex
Cortical nephrons
32
This is where Majority of blood vessels, nephrons that contain glomerulus (capillaries), and filtration process are/occurs
Cortical Nephron (Renal Cortex)
33
# Type of nephron
situated close to the cortex-medulla junction
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
34
NEPHRON-ASSOCIATED CAPILLARY BEDS: (2)
1. glomerulus
2. peritubular capillary bed
35
A NEPHRON-ASSOCIATED CAPILLARY BED fed by the afferent arteriole; and feeds into the efferent arteriole
Glomerulus
36
A structure that is TECHNICALLY not part of the kidney because it is just an extension of the cardiovascular system
Glomerulus
37
Reason why we don’t have blood loss/ blood volume doesn’t lower even when the kidney filters 25% of our blood every minute
Most of the filtrate (~99%) is eventual reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells and returned to blood.
38
Criteria for Glomerular filtration
<70K Daltons
positively charged
39
A NEPHRON-ASSOCIATED CAPILLARY BED Specialized for the filtration of blood
Glomerulus
40
In the glomerulus capillary bed. the afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent, resulting in______________
## Footnote
How does the result contribute to the fluid and small solutes?
The afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the efferent, resulting in a **much higher blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries**
This pressure **forces fluid and small solutes out of the blood** into the glomerular capsule
41
Most of the filtrate in the glomerulus capillary bed (~99%) is eventually ________________ by the
renal tubule cells and _________
| what happens to the filtrate basically
Most of the filtrate (~99%) is eventually **reabsorbed** by the renal tubule cells and **returned to blood**
42
A nephron-associated capillary bed that arises from the efferent arteriole that drains the glomerulus. This is composed of low-pressure, porous vessels adapted for absorption instead of filtration
Peritubular Capillary Bed
43
A Nephron-associated Capillary bed that Cling closely to the whole length of the renal tubule –**reabsorbs filtered solutes and water**
## Footnote
What are these solutes and water basically? (What are only reabsorbed?)
Peritubular Capillary Bed
## Footnote
Only reabsorbs the **essential nutrients** including **glucose, amino acids, & salts (Na+) and WATER**
44
What happens to the nutrients reabsorbed through the peritubular capilalry bed?
eventually returned to the heart for redistribution
## Footnote
Essential Nutrients Include: glucose, amino acids, & salts (Na+)
45
3 main Process involved in Urine formation
## Footnote
What waste is poorly reabsorbed by urine formation?
I. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
II. TUBULAR REABSORPTION
III. TUBULAR SECRETION
## Footnote
NITROGENOUS WASTES are poorly reabsorbed, if at all
46
A Nonselective, passive process in which fluid passes from the blood into the bowman’s capsule
## Footnote
What is the overall role of the glomerulus in this process?
Glomerular filtration
## Footnote
**Glomerulus acts as a filter**
47
Principle followed by glomerular filtration?
## Footnote
What happens when blood pressure drops?
Follows a **pressure gradient**, wherein the capillaries have high pressure and the bowman’s capsule has lower pressure.
## Footnote
If **blood pressure drops**, glomerular pressure becomes inadequate and filtrate formation will stop
48
During glomerular filtration, what do you call the fluid once it is in the capsule?
Once in the capsule, the fluid is now called a **filtrate** – essentially *blood plasma without blood proteins*
49
This structure is technically already part of
tubules. Nothing really differentiates it from the convoluted tubule except for the fact that it surrounds the glomerulus
Bowman's Capsule
49
Mechanism of glomerular filtration which prevents negatively charged particles from passing through
Shield of negativity
## Footnote
**“Shields glomerulus from all the negativities in the world”**
50
In the tubular reabsorption, The filtrate contains a mixture of?
waste & essential substances
51
Process of urine formation that begins as soon as the filtrate enters the **proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)**
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
52
# Tubular Reabsorption
they are “transporters”, taking up needed substances from the filtrate and then passing them out into the extracellular space in which they are absorbed by peritubular capillary blood
## Footnote
Most reabsorption happens in ________ and is done through?
tubule cells
## Footnote
Most reabsorption happens in the **Proximal convoluted tubule** and is done through an **active transport process**
53
During tubular reabsorption, what are usually completley reabsorbed?
Glucose, Amino Acids, and Salts and WATER
54
Essentially tubular reabsorption in reverse. What substances in this process are secreted out from the peritubular capillaries and into the tubule cells to be eliminated through urine?
TUBULAR SECRETION
## Footnote
Some substances such as **Hydrogen and Potassium Ions** and **creatinine**, and **Drug metabolites** are “secreted” out from the peritubular capillaries and into the tubule cells to be eliminated through the urine
These substances are waste products that remain after glomerular filtration
55
These substances are waste products that remain after glomerular filtration
Some substances such as **Hydrogen and Potassium Ions** and **creatinine**
56
How does the mechanism of tubular secretion influence blood?
This mechanism is also an additional means to control blood pH
57
Tubule cells have few membrane carriers to reabsorb these substances because we do not need them. What do you call these substances?
## Footnote
Common examples of thse substances include?
Nitrogenous waste/ products
## Footnote
o **Urea** – formed by the liver as an end product of protein
breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy
o **Uric Acid** – released when nucleic acids are metabolized
o **Creatinine** – associated with creatinine metabolism in muscle
tissue
58
# Nitrogenous waste product
formed by the liver as an end product of protein
breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy
Urea
59
# Nitrogenous waste product
released when nucleic acids are metabolized
Uric acid
60
# Nitrogenous waste product
associated with creatinine metabolism in muscle tissue
Creatinine
61
In 24 hours, the kidneys filter about ______ L of blood plasma
In the same 24 hours, only about ______ L of urine are produced
## Footnote
Hence ______ and ______ are DIFFERRENT
In 24 hours, the kidneys filter about **150 to 180 L** of blood plasma
In the same 24 hours, only about **1.0 to 1.8 L** of urine are produced
## Footnote
Hence, **filtrate and urine** are **DIFFERENT**
62
contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins) but by the time it reaches the collecting ducts, this has **lost most of its water and essential nutrients**
## Footnote
If it has lost most of its water and essential nutrients, what remains? What are these "remains" made up of?
Filtrate
## Footnote
What remains, **urine**, is just a combination of **nitrogenous wastes and unneeded or excess substances**
63
Characteristic of a Freshly voided urine
generally clear and pale (straw) to deep
yellow
64
the pigment responsible for the normal yellow color of urine
## Footnote
this pigment results from?
Urochrome
## Footnote
pigment results from Hemoglobin destruction
65
Describe urine when its formed? How about once it gets out?
When **formed**, urine is **sterile**, and its **ODOR is aromatic**
Once it **gets out**, it gets contaminated with bacteria and starts developing an **ammoniacal odor**
66
Urine pH?
## Footnote
What results in a more acidic urine?
What results in a more alkaline pH?
Urine pH is slightly acidic (pH 6.0)
## Footnote
* A **meat-based diet** would result in a more acidic urine
* A **vegetarian diet** would give a more alkaline pH
67
Alkaline urine is an indication of?
bacterial infection
68
What solutes are normally found in urine?
What substances are not normally found?
* Solutes normally found in urine – **Sodium, Potassium, Urea, Uric Acid, Creatinine, Bicarbonate ions**
* Substances not normally found in urine – **glucose, blood proteins, RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, bile**
69
Abnormal urinary constituents and the name of their condition
1. Glucose - Glycosuria
2. Proteins - Proteinuria (Albuminuria)
3. Pus - Pyuria
4. RBCs - Hematuria
5. Hemoglobin - Hemoglobinuria
6. Bile pigment - Bilirubinuria
70
Possible cause of this condition:
- Excessive intake of sugary foods (nonpathological)
- Diabetes mellitus (pathological)
Glycosuria
71
Possible cause of this condition:
- Physical exertion, pregnancy (nonpathological)
- Glomerulonephritis, hypertension (pathological)
Proteinuria
72
Possible cause of this condition: Urinary tract infection
Pyuria
73
Possible cause of this condition: Bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)
Hematuria
74
Possible cause of this condition: Transfussion reactions, hemolytic anemia
Hemoglobinuria
75
Possible cause of this condition: Liver disease (hepatitis)
Bilirubinuria
76
Slender tubes which connect the kidney to the bladder. Its superior end is continuous with the renal pelvis
Ureters
77
Smooth muscle layers in the walls of the ureter propels urine by?
| through what action/movement mechanism
peristalsis
78
Urine is prevented from going back by?
small valve-like folds of bladder mucosa
79
Smooth collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily
Urinary Bladder
80
The urinary bladder mucosa is made up of ________ (type of tissue). The bladder wall also contains three layers of smooth muscle – collectively the __________
The urinary bladder mucosa is made up of **transitional epithelium**. The bladder wall also contains three layers of smooth muscle –
collectively the **detrusor muscle**
81
A moderately filled bladder holds about ____ mL of urine but it is capable of holding more than _______
A moderately filled bladder holds about 5**00 mL** of urine but it is capable of holding **more than twice the amount**
82
A thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body
Urethra
83
an involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed
Internal urethra sphincter
84
voluntary sphincter, allows controlled urination
External Urethral Sphincter
85
Length of urethra in men vs women:
In men, the urethra is longer – about 20 cm or 8 inches
In women, the urethra is about 3 to 4 cm (1.5 inches) long
86
The urethra opens at the __________, after traveling down its length (male)
The external orifice of the urethra lies _______ (women)
The urethra opens at the **tip of the penis** after traveling down its length
The external orifice of the urethra lies **anterior to the vaginal opening**
87
Function of urethra in males and females?
Urethra of the male has 2 functions: carry both urine and sperm; but never at the same time
In women, it only has 1 function: carry urine out of the body
88
If body is to remain properly hydrated, __________ (physiology of maintaining water and electrolye balance)
it cannot lose more water than it takes in
89
Where do most water intake come from? How about the small amount?
Most water intake comes from **fluids and foods we ingest** in our diet
However, small amount is produced during **cellular metabolism**
90
the driving force for water intake
THIRST MECHANISM
91
An increase in plasma solute content of 2 to 3% excites highly sensitive cells in the hypothalamus known as ________
## Footnote
these will in turn activate the ________
osmoreceptors
## Footnote
These osmoreceptors will in turn activate the **hypothalamic thirst center**
92
What organ regulates the amount of water going in and out, depending on the body's state of hydration?
Kidney
93
Major regulators of the amount of water that go in and out of the body
Major regulators are **Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)** and
**Aldosterone**
94
# Imbalance
Abnormally low urinary output
* Between 100 and 400 mL/day
## Footnote
What happens when it becomes <100mL/day
OLIGURIA
## Footnote
Anuria if it becomes < 100mL/day
95
What does a low urinary output indicate?
## Footnote
In what imbalance is this found?
Low urinary output indicates that the glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration
## Footnote
Oliguria
96
Imbalance that may result from transfusion reactions and acute inflammation or from injuries to the kidney
Anuria
97
# What imbalance?
When urine becomes extremely concentrated, solutes such as uric acid salts form crystals that precipitate in the renal pelvis
## Footnote
this is more commonly known as?
RENAL CALCULI
## Footnote
Kidney stones
98
# What imbalance?
Excruciating pain radiates from the area as the sharp calculi is being forced to move out
RENAL CALCULI
99
Causes and treatment for Renal Calculi
**Causes:** frequent bacterial infection, urinary retention, alkaline urine
**Treatment:** Surgery, non-invasive lithotripsy uses soundwaves to shatter calculi
100
# What imbalance?
Improper toileting habits (wiping from back to front) can carry fecal bacteria into the urethra
URETHRITIS
101
In Urethritis, Since the urethra is continuous with the rest of the urinary tract organs, it can easily ascend the tract and cause ___________ or even ____________
## Footnote
these 2 are generally termed as
**bladder inflammation (cystitis)** or even **kidney inflammation (pyelonephritis)**
## Footnote
These inflammation and infection is generally termed as a **Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)**
102
Symptoms of Urethritis
Symptoms include **dysuria** (painful urination), **urinary agency** and **frequency**, **fever**, **cloudy or blood-tinged urine**
103
When kidneys are involved, what are the common symptoms observed?
When kidneys are involved, **back pain & a severe headache are common**
104
# What imbalance?
When ADH is not released, huge amounts of very dilute urine (up to 25 liters/day) flush from the body day after day
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
105
Diabetes Insipidus is caused by many things, mainly revolve around an injury or destruction of the ______ or the ____
injury or destruction of the **hypothalamus** or the **posterior pituitary gland**
106
# What imbalance?
Can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances
* Affected individuals are always thirsty and must drink fluids almost continuously to maintain normal fluid balance
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
107
Inflammation of the glomerulus
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
108
# What imbalance?
Childhood **streptococcal infections**, such as strep throat and scarlet fever may cause inflammatory damage to the kidneys if
the original infections are not treated promptly and properly
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
109
In glomerulonephritis, the glomerulus is inflamed as a result of being clogged with
________ resulting from the strep infection
The glomerulus is inflamed as a result of being clogged with **antigen- antibody complexes** resulting from the strep infection
110
A mixture of waste and essential substances
filtrate
110
111
111
In what part of the tube system does reabsorption start?
## Footnote
What is pushed out and what is taken by the body?
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
## Footnote
Waste is pushed out and essential substances are taken by the body
112
these are the transporters ” taking up needed substances from the filtrate and then passing them out into the extracellular space in which they are absorbed by peritubular capillary blood
Tubule cells
113
Most reabsorption happens in the
PCT (Proximal Convoluted tube)
## Footnote
Most require ATP (Active transport process)
114
What will happen If the filtrate level that goes out of the glomerulus is 185 mg/dL glucose ?
## Footnote
what do you call the term used to indicate the capacity of these cells
filtrate, that is beyond the reabsorption capacity of the cell (cells seen in
proximal convoluted tubule) will cause them to get overwhelmed, so they can’t reabsorb
everything.
It will be mixed with urine. Thus, people with DM have urines that are positive for glucose because their glucose level is beyond the renal threshold found in their filtrat
## Footnote
Renal Threshold (160-180 mg/dL)
115
Glomerulus is not a perfect filter, thus what is the second way to remove the waste produucts found in the blood?
**Through tubular secretion**: secreted out from the peritubular capillaries into the tubule cells to be eliminated through urine
116
Tubular secretion is also an additional means to control blood pH but it is not a blood buffer, why?
## Footnote
how does it control blood pH
blood buffers need to be molecules
## Footnote
It secretes H+ ions
117
What filtrates are reabsorbed and secreted in the Proximal convoluted tube
## Footnote
Give their reabsorption method of transport
REABSORBED:
- NaCl (active)
- HCO3- (active)
- H2O (passive)
- Glucose and amino acids (active)
SECRETED: (all active)
- Some drugs and poisons
- H+
118
What is reabsorbed in the nephron loop (descending loop)
passive reabsorption of H2O
119
What is reabsorbed in the nephron loop (ascending loop)
BOTH Active & Passive reabsorption of NaCl
120
What are Reabsorbed and secreted in the Distal tube?
- NaCl reabsorbed (active)
- K+ and drugs secreted (active)
121
What are reabsorbed and secreted ini the Collecting Duct?
Reabsorbed:
- H2O (passive)
- NaCl (active)
- Urea (passive)
Secreted:
- K+ (active)
122
Nitrogenous waste products are poorly reabsorbed, if all. what is an example of a waste reabsorbed by the body
## Footnote
In what part is it reabsorbed?
Urea
## Footnote
Reabsorbed in the Collecting Duct
123
How is creatinine made
Muscle tissue releases creatine then it becomes/converted to creatinine
124
Muscle tissue, although made up of protein, is different from urea. How?
Protein breakdown in urea is from DIETARY PROTEIN
125
when should you drink water?
When you're thirsty
126
L of filtrate and L of urine produced?
150-180 L of filtrate REABSORBED
1.0-1.8 L of urine PRODUCED
127
What happens to bilirubin when it goes to the Urine?
It becomes the Urochrome
128
How does the ammoniacal odor of the urine develop?
Breakdown of bacteria
129
What is the major pathological reason for proteinuria?
The Glomerulus is damaged so all big stuffs go out (like protein)
130
What happens to the filter system when you have pyuria?
Bacteria can destroy the entire filter systems
131
When does urine get contaminated with bacteria?
when it reaches near and on the external genetalia (urethra)
132
Why are Women are more prone to Urinary Tract Infection?
the urethra is closer to the bladder
and Bad Hygiene: back to front
133
# True or False
Small amount of water is produced during cellular metabolims thus processcess in cells create water
T
134
Assuming 2.5 L intake of water. What percentage is from beverages, food, and metabolism?
60% beverages
30% food (water molec)
10% metabolism
135
Around how many percent of our average intake of water per day turns into urine?
## Footnote
What happens to the remaining percentage?
60% (1.0-1.8L)
## Footnote
● Remaining 40%:
○ 4% to feces
○ 8% to sweat
○ 28% to skin and lungs (breathing)
136
Relative increase Vs. Absolute increase of plasma solutes
**Relative increase: **Water molecules lower (Ex. Urinating a lot without drinking water)
**Absolute increase:** Eating a lot of salty foods
137
When this increases, the thirst mechanism is activated
Solutes/Plasma solutes
138
In what part does the Antidiuretic hormone reabsorb water?
Collecting duct
139
2 causes why the Hypothalamic thirst center activates
1. Dry mouth
2. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
140
What happens when you have high plasma solutes (2)
- decrease saliva (neg feedback)
- Osmoreceptors activate (regulat BP)
141
3 Responsible Mechanisms that respond to Falling systemic blood pressure/volume
1. RAAS
2. Sympathetic NS
3. ADH/AVP
142
Pathway for increasing blood pressure through AVP/ADH
1. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
2. Posterior Pituitary (could also be activated by Angiotensin II in blood)
3. ADH
4. Collecting ducts (become more permeable)
5. H2O reabsorption
6. Increased blood volume
7. Increased BP
143
Pathway for increasing blood pressure through Sympathetic NS
1. Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels
2. Sympathetic NS (activates JG cells of kidneys)
3. Systemic arterioles
4. Vasoconstriction
5. Increased Peripheral Resistance
6. Increased blood volume
7. Increased BP
144
Pathway for increasing blood pressure through RAAS
1. Reduced filtrate volume or solute content in renal tubules
2. Juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys (by Sympathetic NS) ----release renin
3. Renin (enzyme catalyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I)
4. Angiotensin II iformed in blood
5A. Systemic Arterioles 5B. Adrenal Cortex
6A. Vasoconstriction 6B. Aldosterone
7A. Peripheral Resistance 7B. Kidney tubules
8. Increase Na+ reabsorption and H2O
9. Increased blood vol
10. Increased BP
145
enzyme that activates the inactive angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
renin
146
For Angiotensin I → II, it needs what enzyme (found in lungs)
ACE enzyme (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)
147
this does not only activate adrenal cortex, but as well as posterior pituitary to release more AVP
Angiotensin II
148
Falling systemic blood pressure inhibits _____________- in bood vessels and this activates the sympathetic NS
Baroreceptors: Pressure receptors
149
2 stimuli for the JG cells to release renin
1. Reduced BP from low filtrate volume/solute content
2. Sympathetic NS
150
3 functions of RAAS (Angiotensin II)
1. Activate Posterior Pituitary
2. Vasoconstriction
3. Stimulate adrenal cortex to release aldosterone (increase aldosterone=more sodium=more water)
151
The point where the kidney can’t handle or
function; it is too damaged to function
## Footnote
Treatment for this?
Renal Failure
## Footnote
**Dialysi**s [Artificial Kindey] will filter blood in place of kidne
