F_Chapter 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy of the Heart
SIZE, LOCATION, ORIENTATION (5)
A
- Size of a fist, weigh less than a pound
- Enclosed within the mediastinum
- Flanked on each side by the lungs
-
Apex points toward the left hip & lies in the 5
th intercostal rib - Base points toward the right shoulder & lies under the 2nd rib
2
Q
The heart is enclosed by the ________a sac that is made up of three layers
What are the three layers?
A
Pericardium
- Fibrous Pericardium
- Serous Pericardium
3.
3
Q
superficial part; protect the heart and anchors it to the surrounding structure
Layer of the Pericardium
A
Fibrous Pericardium
4
Q
2 layers of Serous Pericardium
A
1. Parietal Pericardium – lines the interior of fibrous pericardium
2. Visceral Pericardium (Epicardium) – part of the heart wall; Innermost layer of pericardium and outermost layer of the heart wall
5
Q
Produces lubricating serous fluid which collects in the pericardial cavity – between the serous layers
Layer of the pericardium
A
Serous Pericardium
6
Q
Allows the heart to beat easily in a frictionless environment
A
Serous Pericardium
7
Q
Three layers (walls) of the heart
A
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
8
Q
basically the visceral pericardium; outermost wall
Wall of the heart
A
Epicardium
9
Q
consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted into ringlike arrangements; the layer that actually contracts
A
Myocardium
10
Q
Fill in the blanks regarding Myocardium
o Myocardial cells are linked together by ____________
o Intercalated discs contain both ______ and _________
o ___________ allow ions to flow from cell to cell, carrying a wave of excitement across the heart
A
- Myocardial cells are linked together by intercalated discs
- Intercalated discs contain both desmosomes and gap junctions
- Gap Junctions allow ions to flow from cell to cell, carrying a wave of excitement across the heart
11
Q
thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the
heart chambers
Wall of the heart
A
Endocardium
12
Q
The heart has 4 hollow cavities or chambers
* 2 ____ and 2 ____
A
Atria and Ventricles
13
Q
These are the Receiving Chambers
What to Remember for this part?
A
Atria
NOT important in the pumping activity of the heart
* Main function of the atria is just to fill the ventricles with blood
14
Q
The Discharging Chambers or actual pumps of the heart
What happens if it contracts?
What forms its apex?
A
Ventricles
- If ventricles contract, blood is propelled out of heart → Circulation
- Left Ventricle forms its apex
15
Q
Divides the heart longitudinally
Part of the ventricle
A
Septum
16
Q
The right side of the heart works as the? It also receives?
A
Pulmonary Circuit Pump
RECEIVES oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body
17
Q
Blood enters the heart from the ______ & ______
Which side of the heart?
A
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava
Right Side of the Heart
18
Q
Blood enters the heart from the Superior & Inferior Vena Cava
▪ Pumps it through the ________ which splits into the left and
right __________
Which side of heart?
What do these arteries carrry?
A
▪ Pumps it through the **Pulmonary Trunk **which splits into the left and right Pulmonary Arteries
Right Side of Heart
▪ These** pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs**
19
Q
Only function of pulmonary circulation is to
What is the process?
A
carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and return it to the heart
PULMONARY CIRCULATION
→ Vena Cava
→ Right Atrium
→ Right Ventricle
→ Pulmonary Trunk
→Pulmonary Arteries
→ Lungs (capillary)
→ Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
20
Q
The left side of the heart is responsible for ____________ circulation, which supplies oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to ALL body organs
A
Systemic circulation
21
Q
The left ventricle, which pumps blood over the entire body, have
substantially ________ walls than those of the right ventricle
Describe the difference between the walls
A
Thicker walls
22
Q
Which is a much powerful pump?
Left ventricle (side) or right?
A
Left ventricle
23
Q
Process of systematic circulation
Which side of the heart?
A
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
→ Pulmonary Veins
→ Left Atrium
→ Left Ventricle
→ Aorta
→ Systemic Arteries
→ Most body tissues (Capillary)
→ Systemic Veins
→ Vena Cava
→ Right Atrium
Left side of the heart
24
Q
Allow blood to flow in only one direction through the chambers
What direction?
A
Heart Valves
There are 4 heart valves
Direction: From atria through ventricles and out the great arteries
25
Valves between the atria & ventricles
## Footnote
Main function?
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
## Footnote
**AV Valve**s prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract
26
1. the left AV Valve, consists of
two cusps of endocardium?
2. the right AV Valve, consists of 3 cusps?
1. Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
2. Tricuspid Valve
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anchor the cusps to the
walls of the ventricles
| Found in AV valves
Chordae Tendineae (“Heart Strings”)
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guards the bases ofthe two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers
## Footnote
2 valves under this?
Semilunar (SL) Valves
## Footnote
**(1) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve** – has three cusps
**(2) Aortic Semilunar Valve** – has three cusps
29
When ventricles contract, the cusps of the semilunar valves _____
| what action?
When ventricles contract, the cusps of the semilunar valves **OPEN**
30
The valve system maintains the ________ and prevents arterial blood from reentering the heart
one-way blood flow
31
# True or False
Each set of valves operate at different times
True
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AV Valves:
_____ [Heart Relaxation],
________ [Ventricle Contraction]
| What action does the valves make?
AV Valves: **OPEN** [Heart Relaxation],
**CLOSE** [Ventricle Contraction]
33
SL Valves:
_____ [Heart Relaxation],
________ [Ventricle Contraction]
| What action does the valves make
SL Valves:
**CLOSED** [Heart Relaxation],
**OPEN** [Ventricle Contraction]
34
The blood contained in the heart **DOES NOT** nourish the myocardium. The functional blood supply that oxygenates & nourishes the myocardium are the _______
Coronary Arteries
35
they branch from the base of the aorta andencircle the heart at the junction of the atria and ventricles
Coronary Arteries
36
What happens to coronary arteries when ventricles contract? When heart is relaxed?
**Ventricles Contract**: Coronary arteries are compressed (flow is inhibited, but not stopped completely)
**Heart is Relaxed**: Coronary Arteries are filled with blood
37
In one day, the heart pushes the body’s supply of 6 liters of blood through the vessels over ______ times. It pumps about _______ gallons of blood in a single day
1,000 times
It pumps about 1,500 gallons of blood in a single day
38
# True or False
Cardiac muscles can beat independently and spontaneously
True
## Footnote
Cardiac muscles can beat independently and spontaneously **even if all nervous connections are severed**
39
Muscle cells in different areas of the heart have different _____
## Footnote
Without some unifying control system, the heart would be an _________
rhythm
## Footnote
Without some unifying control system, the heart would be an **uncoordinated and inefficient pump**
40
these muscle Cells in the heart beat about 60 times per minute
Atrial cells
41
these muscle Cells in the heart beat about 20-40 times per minute
Ventricular Cells
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2 SYSTEMS THAT REGULATE HEART ACTIVITY
1. Autonomic Nervous System
2. Intrinsic Conduction system (Nodal System)
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A system that regulate heart activity: increase and decrease heart rate
Autonomic Nervous System
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A system that regulate heart activity: built into the heart tissue and sets its basic rhythm
Intrinsic Conduction System **(Nodal System)**
45
Composed of special tissue found somewhere else in the body
| A system that regulates heart activity
INTRINSIC (NODAL) CONDUCTION SYSTEM
46
The tissue in the INTRINSIC (NODAL) CONDUCTION SYSTEM is a mix between
Tissue is a mix between **muscular and nervous**
47
Intrinsic Conduction System causes the heart muscle ________ to occur in ONLY __________ – from _____ to ______
Causes the heart muscle **depolarization** to occur in **ONLY ONE DIRECTION** – from **atria** to **ventricles**
48
Enforces a contraction rate of approximately 75 beats per minute on the heart – coordinated beats
INTRINSIC (NODAL) CONDUCTION SYSTEM
49
Most important part of Nodal System. These are tiny cell mass located in the **right atrium**, has the **fastest rate of depolarization** in the whole system. It starts each heartbeat and **sets the pace for the whole heart**
SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE
50
Direction of Nerve Impulse Generation (Depolarization) of the INTRINSIC (NODAL) CONDUCTION SYSTEM
(1) SA Node
→ (2) AV Node
→ (3) Atria Contract
→ (4) AV Bundle
→ (5) Purkinje Fibers
→ (6) Ventricles Contract
51
a rapid heart rate (over 100 beats per minute)
| Name of the condition
Tachycardia
52
is a heart rate that is substantially slower than normal (less than 60 beats per minute)
| Name of the condition
Bradycardia
53
Neither Tachycardia nor Bradycaria is pathological, but prolonged tachycardia may progress _______
fibrillation
54
heart contraction (ventricles)
| Cardiac cycle and heart sound
Systole
55
heart relaxation (ventricles)
| Cardiac cycle and heart sound
Diastole
56
refers to the events of one complete heartbeat,during which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax;
## Footnote
length is about ____ seconds?
Cardiac Cycle
## Footnote
length is about **0.8 seconds**
57
Heart sounds are often described as ___ and ____
“lub” and “dub”
58
# Heart sounds
Firstheartsound (Lub) is caused by the ________; longer and louder
closing of the AV
59
# Heart Sound
Second Heart Sound (Dub) occurs when the ____________ at the end of ventricular systole
Semilunar valves close
60
Cardiac cycle phases
1. Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
2. Atrial systole
3. Isovolumetric contraction
4. Ventricular systole (ejection phase)
5. Isovulumetric relaxation
61
Forms the Vascular System
Blood vessels
62
contain blood that moves away from the heart
| Blood vessels
Arteries
63
are smaller arteries, in which it then feeds into the
capillaries
Arterioles
64
are smaller veins, in which they receive the blood from the capillaries
Venules
65
receive blood from venules, which then finally feeds it into the great veins entering the heart – **Venae Cavae**
| Blood vessels
Veins
66
Only the _________ directly serve the needs of the body cells
| Blood vessels
## Footnote
Arteries and veins are just _____?
CAPILLARIES
## Footnote
just paths
67
TUNICS OF THE BLOOD VESSELS
1. TUNICA INTIMA
2. TUNICA MEDIA
3. TUNICA EXTERNA
68
# What tunic?
Lines the lumen (interior)
Thin layer of endothelium (Squamous Epithelial Cells)
Tunica Intima
69
# What tunic?
Resting on a basement membrane (Areolar Connective Tissue)
▪ Function: surface decreases friction as blood flows through lumen
Tunica Intima
70
# What tunic?
Middle layer
▪ Made up of mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers
Tunica Media
71
# What tunic?
72
# What tunic?
Function:
✓ Active in changing the diameter of the vessels
✓ It constrict or dilates → changes blood pressure (INC or DEC)
Tunica Media
73
# What tunic?
▪ Composed largely of fibrous connective tissue
Tunica Externa
| Outermost tunic
74
# What tunic?
Function: support and protect the vessels
Tunica Externa
75
pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of
the blood vessels
Blood Pressure
76
The force that keeps the blood circulating continuously even
between heartbeats
Blood pressure
77
Blood pressure follows a It follows a ________ wherein blood moves continuously from areas of high pressure to areas with low pressure
| ALWAYS REMEMBER:
It follows a **blood pressure gradient,** wherein blood moves continuously from areas of high pressure to areas with low pressure
78
Highest pressure is in the
**large arteries closest to the heart** and continues to drop throughout the systemic pathway – **reaching zero at the right atrium.**
79
Why are arteries thicker than veins?
Arteries are thicker than veins since there is higher pressure
80
Two arterial blood pressures are usually measured:
Systolic Pressure
and Diastolic Pressure
81
pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction
Systolic Pressure
82
pressure when the ventricles are relaxing
Diastolic pressure
83
Blood pressure is reported in (units) and reported as (type of pressure)
* Reported in millimeters of mercury **(mm Hg)**
* Reported as **Systolic Pressure/Diastolic pressure**
84
Most common method of measuring blood pressure
**Auscultatory Method,**
85
an INDIRECT measurement which measure blood pressure in the brachial artery
Auscultatory Method
86
* Systolic pressure varies between ________ mm Hg
* Diastolic Pressure varies between _______ mm Hg
- **Systolic pressure** varies between **110 and 140 mm Hg**
- **Diastolic Pressure** varies between **70 to 80 mm Hg**
87
generally a systolic blood pressure below 100 mm Hg. Usually associated with long life and an old age free of illness.
Hypotension
88
normal response to fever, physical exertion and emotional upset. However, prolonged is pathologic.
Hypertension
89
Considered to be hypertension if BP is around _____ or higher
Considered to be hypertension if BP is around **140/90 or higher**
90
Inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
91
Pericarditis often results in a
decrease of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity
92
Causes pericardial layers to rub, bind, and stick to each other
Pericarditis
93
As they stick, they form painful adhesions that interfere with heart
movement
Pericarditis
94
Valve cusps become stiff
* Caused by _______
**Valvular Stenosis**
Valve cusps become stiff
* Caused by **repeated bacterial infection of the endocardium**
95
Bacterial infection of the endocardium is also known as
| In what imbalance is this seen?
endocarditis
| Valvular Stenosis
96
Forces the heart to contract more vigorously than normal to create
enough pressure to drive blood through the narrowed valve
| What are its consequences?
Valvular Stenosis
## Footnote
* **Consequences**: Heart’s workload increases → heart weakens → fails
97
Under valvular stenosis faulty valve is replaced with a ____
## Footnote
What are the sources of this replacement?
synthetic valve
## Footnote
**Sources for valve replacement: **
- Cryopreserved human valve or
- from pigs' heart (chemically treated)
98
Crushing chest pain
* Results when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen
ANGINA PECTORIS
99
Serves as a “warning” and should never be ignored
* If this is prolonged, oxygen-deprived heart cells may die → ____
**Angina Pectoris**
* If angina is prolonged, oxygen-deprived heart cells may die → **infarct**
100
What is the result of Angina Pectoris
The result is **Myocardial Infarction (MI)**
101
102
Other common names of Myocardial Infarction:
| In what imbalance is this found?
✓ Heart Attack
✓ Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
✓ Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
✓ Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
✓ Coronary Spasms
| Angina Pectoris
103
Cause and Consequences of Heart Block
**Cause: **Any damage to the *AV node*
**Consequence**: block the ventricles from the control of the SA node
* The ventricles begin to **beat at their own rate**, which is much slower
104
What imbalance: Lack of an adequate blood supply to the heart muscle
* May lead to ________
**Ischemia**
May lead to **fibrillation** – a rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the
ventricles
105
a rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the ventricles; prevents the heart from pumping any blood and is a
major cause of death from heart attack
| In what imbalance is this found
Fibrillation
| Ischemia
106
One way to help a patient suffering from fibrillation is to use ________
| In what imbalance is this found?
Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs)
| Ischemia
107
Abnormal or unusual heart sounds
* Fairly common in young children and some elderly people with
perfectly healthy hearts
| What is considered part of pathologic demography?
Heart Murmurs
| Those not included in 1st demographic (young children and some elderly p
108
- If a valve does not close tightly, a _________sound will be heard as the blood flows back through the partially open valve
- Distinct sounds can also be heard when blood flows through_________
| In what imbalance is this found?
- If a valve does not close tightly, a **“swishing” sound** will be heard as the blood flows back through the partially open valve
- Distinct sounds can also be heard when blood flows through **stenosed (narrowed) valves**
| Heart Murmurs
109
Common in people who stand for long periods of time, obese, or pregnant individuals
Varicose veins
110
Common factors that lead to Varicose veins
✓ **Pooling of blood in the feet and legs**
✓ Inactivity/Pressure on Veins → **Inefficient venous return**
111
a serious complication, in which it is the inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poor circulation
| In what imbalance is this found?
Thrombophlebitis
| Varicose veins
112
In Varicose Veins, all venous blood must pass through the pulmonary circulation; hence, it risks the person from having ________
Pulmonary Embolism
113
a temporary decrease in blood pressure resulting from the sudden rise from a reclining or sitting position
Orthostatic Hypotension
114
Type of Hypotension which may hint at poor nutrition and inadequate
levels of blood proteins
Chronic Hypotension
115
Type of Hypotension: one of the most important warnings of
**Circulatory Shock**
Acute Hypotension
116
is a condition in which the blood vessels are inadequately filled, and blood cannot circulate normally. The
most common cause is _______
**Circulatory Shock**
most common cause is **blood loss**
117
A common and dangerous disease that warns of **increased peripheral resistance**. Progresses **without symptoms for the first 10 to 20 years**
Chronic Hypertension
118
It slowly and surely strains the heart and damage the arteries. **“Silent Killer”**
Chronic Hypertension
119
Chronic Hypertion also ravages blood vessels, causing _____ and accelerates the progress of _______
Chronic Hypertension also ravages blood vessels, causing **small tears** and accelerates the progress of **atherosclerosis**
120
Accounts for ~**90%** of people with hypertension. **This cannot attributed to any specific organic cause**
Primary (essential) Hypertension
121
What factors are involved in Primary Hypertension?
diet, obesity, heredity, race, stress
122
More women than men are hypertensive. In what type of hypertension?
Primary (essential) hypertension
123
# What type of hypertension?
More blacks than Caucasians are hypertensive
Child of hypertensive parents is twice as likely to develop high blood
pressure
Primary (essential) Hypertension
