FA pg 306-310 Endo

Question 1

what is the site of a lingual thyroid?

Answer 1

Tongue

Question 2

what is thyrogolssal duct cyst?

Answer 2

anterior midline neck mass that moves with swallowing or protrusion of the tongue

Question 3

mass located on the anterior border of the sternodocladomasotid muscle is from what embryonic derivative?

Answer 3

2-4 cleft form temporal cervical sinus of brachial cleft cyst

Question 4

bonus: what develops from the first cleft?

Answer 4

Ext Auditory meatus

Question 5

thyroid tissue is derived from

Answer 5

endoderm

Question 6

C cells are derived from

Answer 6

Neural crest.

Note C-Cells is also called parafollicular cells

Question 7

Name the layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 7

Glomerulosa Fasiculata Reticularis (GFR)

Question 8

what part in the endocrine system is chromatin cells from?

Answer 8

adrenal medulla (neural crest)

Question 9

what are the primary Regulatory control of Glomerulosa

Answer 9

RAS

Question 10

what is the secretory product of the glomerulosa

Answer 10

Aldosterone

Question 11

what are the primary regulatory control of the fasiculata and reticularis

Answer 11

ACTH, CRH

Question 12

secretory product of fasiculata

Answer 12

cortisol

Question 13

secretory product of reticularis

Answer 13

Androgens

Question 14

Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) is from what embryonic origin

Answer 14

surface/oral ectoderm

Question 15

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is derived from

Answer 15

neuroectoderm

Question 16

list all the ant pituitary hormones

Answer 16

FLAT PiG & B(basophils)-FLAT ( pg 307 FA 2016)

Question 17

B-subunit determines which of the following?

sensitivity, specificity, PPV or NPV

Answer 17

Specificity

Question 18

Vasopressin (AKA ADH) is made from what nucleus in the brain?

Answer 18

SupraOptic nuclei

Question 19

Oxytocin is made from what nucleus in the brain?

Answer 19

Paraventricular nuclei

Question 20

what cell types are in the ISLet of Langerhans and what do they secret?

Answer 20

Alpha= glucagon (periphery)
Beta= insulin (central) inside
delta= somatostatin (interspersed)

Question 21

where does synthesis of insulin occur?

Answer 21

rER

Question 22

what kind of transport is needed for inducing glucose uptake into insulin dependent tissues?

Answer 22

Carrier mediated

Question 23

List all functions of insulin

Answer 23

increase glucose uptake into skeletal and adipose tissue
increase glycogen storage and synthesis
increase triglyceride synthesis
increase Na+ retention in kidneys
increase protein synthesis
increase cellular uptake of K+ & amino acid
decrease glucagon release
decrease lipolysis

Question 24

does insulin cross the placenta?

Answer 24

No only glucose

Question 25

what are the insulin independent transporters and list examples.

Answer 25

GLUT 1- RBC, Brain cornea placenta GLUT2- small intestine, Beta pancreatic cells, liver kidney GLUT3- Brain Placenta GLUT 4- Adipose tissue skeletal muscle Glut 5- fructose, spermatocyte &; GI tract

Question 26

what does the brain use as energy source during starvation

Answer 26

Ketones

Question 27

Can RBC use Ketones for energy & why?

Answer 27

NO only use glucose, RBC lack mitochondria for aerobic metabolism

Question 28

where do GLP 1 come from?

Answer 28

Meals

Question 29

what is the function of GLP1

Answer 29

increase beta sensitivity to glucose.

Question 30

what MOA of sulfonyureas

Answer 30

blocks K channel, causing influx of Ca2+ via voltage gated calcium channels, increasing insulin release

Question 31

what ratios are increased before closing K+ channels in beta cell of pancreas

Answer 31

increase ATP/ADP ratio

Question 32

what are the functions of glucagon?

Answer 32

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis lipolysis and ketone production

Question 33

what 3 things inhibit glucagon

Answer 33

Somatostatin, Insulin and hyperglycemia

Question 34

dopamine antagonist drugs eg antipsychotics causes---------------------- due to hyperprolactenemia

Answer 34

galactorrhea

Question 35

what inhibits prolactin

Answer 35

dopamine

Question 36

what GHRH analog drug is used to treat HIV associated lipodystrophy?

Answer 36

Tesamorelin

Question 37

prolactin suppresses --------------- ?

Answer 37

GnRH

Question 38

Pulsatile GnRH leads to --------------& __________?

Answer 38

Puberty and fertility

Question 39

4 symptoms of Pituitary prolactinoma

Answer 39

galactorrhea, amenohrea, hypogonadism, osteoporosis

Question 40

Analog of somatostatin used to treat esophageal varices

Answer 40

Ocreotide

Question 41

Bonus: what else do ocreotide treat

Answer 41

carcinoid syndrome, acromegaly

Question 42

function of prolactin

Answer 42

stimulate milk production(hence Gallactorhe) in breast and inhibit ovulation (hence amnehorea) and inhibit spermatogenesis (hence decrease libido)

Question 43

how does prolactin inhibit its own secretion?

Answer 43

increase dopamine synthesis by stimulating the hypothalamus then causing excess dopamine to inhibit prolactin

Question 44

TX of hyperprolactinemia

Answer 44

dopamine agonist( bromocrptine and carbagobulin)

Question 45

what type of drugs stimulate prolactin secretion

Answer 45

dopamine antagonist ( antipsychotics) and estrogen (e.g OCPS & pregnancy)

Question 46

Bonus: Most common cause of gastroenteritis in developed countries

Answer 46

Norovirus (single stranded RNA virus)