FA synthesis + storage

Question 1

what is the main organ of FA synthesis?

Answer 1

Liver

(Breast also create fats to produce milk)

Question 2

What must be eaten w/ fats in order to store fats?

Answer 2

Carbs

Question 3

what is the cellular location of FA synthesis

Answer 3

Cytoplasm

Question 4

what is needed to move Acetyl CoA from mitochondria to cytoplasm

Answer 4

• malate citrate antiporter
• malate shuttle
• malic enzyme

Question 5

describe the malate citrate antiporter and it’s enzyme

Answer 5

Citrate –(ATP-citrate lyase)–> OAA + acetyl CoA

Question 6

describe the malate shuttle and it’s coenzyme

Answer 6

moves Acetyl-CoA from Mitochondria –> Cytoplasm
coenzyme NADP+

Question 7

describe the function of the malic enzyme and it’s coenzyme.
Where does the product of this rxn go?

Answer 7

Malate –(malic enzyme)–> Pyruvate (enters the mitochondria);
coenzyme NADPH;
Enters the mitochondria

Question 8

Stage 1 FA synthesis + it’s enzyme

Answer 8

7Acetyl CoA + 7TP + 7CO2 –(Acetyl CoA carboxylase)–> Malonyl CoA

Question 9

what coenzymes are needed for stage 1 of FA synthesis

Answer 9

ATP + Biotin

Question 10

what upregulates the enzyme Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Answer 10

Insulin, Citrate, high-carb low-fat diet

Question 11

what down regulates the enzyme Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Answer 11

Palmitoyl CoA, Glucagon, E, high-fat low-carb diet

Question 12

What food is highest in free FAs (don’t have TAGs), and turns on both stage 1 + 2 of FA synthesis?

Answer 12

Avocados

Question 13

Stage 2 FA synthesis + its enzyme

Answer 13

8 Acetyl CoA (1 Acteyl CoA + 7 malonyl CoA) + 14 NADPH –(fatty acid synthase)–> Palmitate

Question 14

describe the enzyme Fatty acid synthase

Answer 14

identical dimer w/ 7enzymes arranged head –> tail

Question 15

what is the end product of Stage 2 of FA synthesis

Answer 15

Palmitate

Question 16

FA elongation + synthesis of other FAs

what coenzyme converts Palmitate –> Stearate?

Answer 16

(Multi-enzyme complex) FA elongase

Question 17

FA elongation + synthesis of other FAs

what molecule is added?

Answer 17

Malonyl CoA

Question 18

FA elongation + synthesis of other FAs

What coenzymes are needed?

Answer 18

NADPH

Question 19

FA elongation + synthesis of other FAs

How are short chain FAs created?

Answer 19

Reverse B-Oxidation

Question 20

FA elongation + synthesis of other FAs

where are Very Long chain FAs synthesized

Answer 20

Brain

Question 21

FA elongation + synthesis of other FAs

what molecule is added for Very Long chain FA synthesis?

Answer 21

Stearate

Question 22

FA elongation + synthesis of other FAs

what are Very Long chain FAs used for?

Answer 22

Synthesis of Sphingolipids during myelination

Question 23

what must be present to store FAs

Answer 23

glucose

Question 24

what are FAs stored as

Answer 24

TAGs

Question 25

FA storage

how are TAGs synthesized in the Liver

include enzyme

Answer 25

Glycerol (or DHAP) –(glycerol kinase)–> glycerol-3-phosphate

Question 26

FA storage

how are TAGs synthesized in Adipose tissue

include enzyme

Answer 26

DHAP –(Isomerase)–> glycerol-3-phosphate

Question 27

how is glycerol-3-phosphate turned into TAGs

Answer 27

added to 3FAs

Question 28

what 3 factors regulate total body fat?

Answer 28

size + # of adipocytes, genetics, leptin

Question 29

Where is Leptin made and what is it’s target?

Answer 29

white adipose tissue; Hypothalamus

Question 30

name 3 environmental factors that increase food intake and lead to increased body fat

Answer 30

• eating a wide variety of foods (buffet)
• eating w/ more ppl
• availability of energy-dense foods (dessert buffet)

Question 31

What tissue has the highest level of de novo FA synthesis?

Answer 31

Liver

Question 32

FA synthase is activated by a ____ carb and ____ fat diet

Answer 32

high; low

Question 33

In the overall rxn of FA synthesis the FA ____ is produced w/ ____ CO2s

Answer 33

Palmitate; 7

Question 34

what do high levels of free FAs shut off

Answer 34

FA synthase