face Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
features of the parotid gland
A
salivary gland - serous acini only
CT capsule and dense fibrous capsule - becomes stylomandibular ligament
single duct below zygomatic arch
2
Q
route of the parotid duct
A
pierces buccal fat pad and buccinator to enter oral cavity
oblique passage that is palpable when masseter is tense
opens at upper second molar
3
Q
branches of the facial nerve (supply muscles of facial expression) (superior to inferior)
A
temporal zygomatic buccal marginal mandibular cervical posterior auricular
4
Q
vessels passing behind the parotid gland (artery vein and nerve) (posterior to anterior) (9)
A
accessory nerve
vagus nerve
hypoglossal nerve
lingual nerve
internal carotid artery
external carotid artery
facial artery
external jugular vein *beside
internal jugular vein
5
Q
vessels surrounding the parotid gland: piercing posteriorly piercing superiorly piercing anteriorly anterior and inferior
A
posterior auricular vessels
superficial temporal vessels and auriculotemporal nerve
transverse facial artery
facial vessels
6
Q
branches of the external carotid artery that appear near the parotid gland
A
superficial temporal
maxillary
7
Q
what vein is formed through the union of the superficial temporal and maxillary veins
A
retromandibular vein
8
Q
what nerve divides the parotid gland into deep and superficial parts
A
facial nerve
9
Q
where does the nerve supply of the parotid gland originate and pass
type of innervation
A
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) through jugular foramen -> some to ear as tympanic branch -> middle ear as tympanic plexus -> leaves as lesser petrosal -> passes through foramen ovale to form otic ganglion -> merge with auriculotemporal
parasympathetic secretomotor supply
10
Q
name muscles of mastication (4)
and origin of innervation
A
temporalis
masseter
lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid
anterior division of mandibular division of trigeminal (CN V3)
*medial pterygoid - main trunk of mandibular division
11
Q
attachment of temporalis
A
temporal fossa and fascia to coronoid process and anterior border ramps of mandible
12
Q
action of temporalis
nerve branch
A
anterior and superior fibres elevate mandible
posterior fibres retract mandible
deep temporal nerves (x2)
13
Q
attachment of masseter
A
zygomatic arch to lateral rams of mandible
14
Q
masseter action
nerve branch
A
elevate mandible
masseteric nerve
15
Q
attachment of lateral pterygoid:
upper head
lower head
A
upper head - infra temporal surface of great wing of sphenoid to neck of mandible and articular disc
lower head - lateral pterygoid plate (lateral side) to neck of mandible and articular disc
16
Q
action of lateral pterygoid
nerve branch
A
pull neck of mandible forward with articular disc - protrusion
lateral chewing movements with medial pterygoid
nerve to lateral pterygoid
17
Q
attachment of medial pterygoid:
superficial head
deep head
A
superficial head - tubercle of maxilla to medial surface of angle of mandible
deep head - medial surface of lateral pterygoid to medial surface of angle of mandible
18
Q
action of medial pterygoid
nerve branch
A
assist in elevation
nerve to medial pterygoid
*straight from main trunk of mandibular division
19
Q
movements of mandible/muscles of mastication (5)
A
movements are of head of mandible and articular disc:
elevation - both backward and head rotates on undersurface of disc
depression - head rotates on under surface of disc - mandible forward
protrusion - both forward
retrusion - both backward into mandibular fossa
lateral chewing = protrusion + retrusion
20
Q
branches of the mandibular division of trigeminal (CN V3) (superior to inferior)
A
sensory and motor
meningeal
through foramen ovale - medial pterygoid
anterior division
motor - masseteric nerve, nerve to lateral pterygoid, 2x deep temporal
sensory - buccal
posterior division:
sensory - auriculotemporal, lingual
motor+sensory - inferior alveolar, mylohyoid
21
Q
what does the buccal nerve (from anterior division of CN V3)
A
skin of cheek and mucous membrane of mouth
22
Q
what does auriculotemporal nerve supply (from posterior division of CN V3) (5)
A
scalp, auricle, tympanic membrane, TMJ, external auditory meatus
23
Q
what does lingual nerve supply (from posterior division of CN V3)
A
mucous membrane floor of mouth and anterior 2/3 tongue
24
Q
what does the inferior alveolar nerve supply (from posterior division of CN V3)
A
lower teeth and skin
25
what does the mylohyoid nerve supply (from posterior division of CN V3)
mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
26
what doe the CN V3 act as a carrier for
part of medial pterygoid passes through otic ganglion to give tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani
auriculotemporal nerve carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibres (CN IX) from otic ganglion to parotid
lingual nerve joined by chorda tympani (parasympathetic fibres from facial to submandibular ganglion and sublingual glands
27
what does chorda tympani take parasympathetic information from
taste fibres from anterior 2/3 tongue
28
branches of the external carotid artery (posterior to anterior around top of head)
```
occipital
posterior auricular
superficial temporal (terminal)
maxillary (terminal)
facial
lingual
superior thyroid
```
29
lymph nodes of the face (posterior to anterior - neck to chin)
```
deep cervical
superficial cervical
occipital
parotid
submandibular
submental
```
30
```
boundaries of the infra temporal fossa
anterior
posterior
superior
medial
lateral
```
```
anterior - posterior surface of maxilla
posterior - styloid process
superior - infra temporal surface of great wing of sphenoid
medial - lateral pterygoid plate
lateral - ramus of mandible
```
31
space behind the infra temporal fossa
pterygomaxillary fissure
32
content of the infra temporal fossa (7)
```
lateral and medial pterygoid
mandibular division of the trigeminal and branches
maxillary artery and branches
pterygoid venous plexus
chorda tympani
otic ganglion
```
33
branches of the maxillary artery (posterior to anterior around the top of the head)
```
deep auricular and anterior tympanic
middle meningeal
deep temporal
infraorbital
posterior superior alveolar
buccal
inferior alveolar
mylohyoid
```
34
what 3 parts can the meningeal branches be split into
mandibular
pterygoid
pterygopalatine
35
what are the pterygopalatine branches
```
posterior superior alveloar
infraorbital
anterior superior alveolar
palatine
pharyngeal
sphenopalatine
```
36
what does the posterior superior alveolar branch supply
upper molar and premolar
37
what does the infraorbital branch supply
canal in floor of orbit, foramen
38
what does the anterior superior alveolar branch supply
upper incisor and canine
39
what surrounds the lateral pterygoid
pterygoid venous plexus
40
what does the pterygoid plexus communicate with
cavernous sinus and facial vein (drains areas maxillary artery supplies)
41
what is the pterygoid plexus drained by
maxillary vein (route for infection)
42
what nerves pass through the otic ganglion
lesser petrosal nerve (CN IX)
postganglionic sympathetic fibres
nerve to tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini (CN V3)
43
what type of joint is the temporomandibular joint
synovial joint
44
where is the temporomandibular joint between
head of mandible and mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle on squamous of temporal bone
45
what are the articular surfaces composed of
fibrocartilage (membranous ossification)
46
what surrounds the temporomandibular joint
fibrous capsule
47
what nerves supply the temporomandibular joint
auriculotemporal and massetric
48
what ligaments reinforce the temporomandibular joint
```
temporomandibular ligament (lateral)
stylomandibular ligament (medial)
sphenomandibular joint (medial)
```
49
what muscle attached to the articular disc and capsule of the temporomandibular joint
lateral pterygoid
50
what is the cavity of the temporomandibular disc divided by
fibrous articular disc
51
what is the purpose of the fibrous articular disc of the TMJ
increase congruity of articular surfaces
52
when the head of mandible and disc are together what is the action at the TMJ
elevation and depression (hinge)
53
what is against the articular disc of the TMJ during protrusion and retraction
mandibular fossa and articular process
54
what two movements are required at the TMJ to close the mouth
elevation and retraction pull condyle backwards
55
what movements are required at the TMJ to open the mouth
depression and protrusion lslide disc and condyle forward towards tubercle
56
what causes chewing at the TMJ
asynchronous gliding
57
features of the fascia of the face
superficial fascia and fat covers the whole face
fascia of the scalp blends with the fascia of the neck posteriorly and temporalis laterally
deep cervical fascia covers the parotid gland and masseter muscle
58
muscles of facial expression (13)
```
frontalis
orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
platysma
zygomaticus minor
zygomaticus major
buccinator
depressor anguli oris
depressor labii inferrioris
levator labii superioris
levator anguli superioris
mentalis
nasalis
```
59
what muscles of facial expression are innervated by the temporal branch of the facial nerve
frontalis
| orbicularis oculi
60
what muscles of facial expression are innervated by the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve
orbicularis oculi
61
what muscles of facial expression are innervated by the buccal branch of the facial nerve
```
zygomaticus major
zygomaticus minor
levator labii superioris
levator anguli oris
buccinator
orbicularis oris
nasalis
```
62
what muscles of facial expression are innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve
depressor anguli oris
depressor labii oris
mentalis
63
what muscles of facial expression are innervated by the cervical branch of the facial nerve
platysma
64
what muscles of facial expression are innervated by the posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve
occipitalis
stylohyoid
posterior belly of digastric
65
arteries of the face
branches of external carotid artery:
facial
transverse facial
superficial temporal
branches of internal carotid:
supraorbital
supratrochlear
66
branches of the facial artery
submental
superior and inferior labial
lateral nasal
67
venous drainage of the face
```
supratrochlear
supraorbital
superficial temporal
transverse facial
facial
```
all drain into internal jugular
68
layers of the scalp
```
skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis
loose areolar connective tissue
periosteum
```
69
blood supply to scalp
internal carotid:
supratrochlear
supraorbital
external carotid:
superficial temporal
posterior auricular
occipital
70
what forms communications between superficial veins of the scalp and the dural venous sinus
emissary veins
71
what layer are the superficial veins of the scalp found in
connective tissue layer
72
nerve supply to the scalp and origin (7)
```
supratrochlear nerve (CN V1)
supraorbital nerve (CN V1)
zygomaticotemporal (CN V2)
auriculotemporal (CN V3)
lesser occipital (C2)
greater occipital (C2)
third occipital (C3)
```
73
Divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
CN V1 - opthalmic
CN V2 - maxillary
CN V3 - mandibular
74
branches of CN V1
frontal
| nasociliary
75
branches of CN V2
infraorbital
| superior alveolar
76
branches of CN V3
lingual
inferior alveolar
auriculotemporal
77
bones involved in forming the orbit
```
sphenoid - lesser and greater wing
frontal
zygoma
ethmoid
maxilla
lacrimal
```
78
canals and ducts found in orbit
superior orbital fissure
optic canal
naso-lacrimal duct
79
content of the orbit
eyeball
fat and CT
extraocular muscles
nerves and blood vessels
80
what are the tarsal plates
dense CT that supports eyelid and glands
81
ligaments of the eyeball
medial and lateral check ligaments attach to medial and lateral rectus muscles
suspensory ligament attach to inferior oblique and medial, lateral and inferior rectus muscles
82
action of the suspensory ligaments
check ligaments restrict medial and lateral recti
| suspensory ligaments support eyeball
83
composition of the eyeball
sclera and cornea - fibrous layer (outer coat)
choroid, ciliary body and iris - vascular layer (middle coat)
retina (inner coat)
84
properties of the retina
rods and cones
optic disc - optic nerve head - blind spot
fovea - maximum image resolution - just cones (macula lutea)
85
cycle of the aqueous humor
produced by ciliary body
| drains into schlemm's canal at corneo-scleral junction
86
where is the aqueous humor located and its function
anterior to lens
| maintains intra-ocular pressure
87
what is the vitreous humor, where is it found and what does it do
transparent jelly
posterior to lens
supports retina
88
intrinsic muscles of the eye, general role and innervation
dilator pupillae
sphincter pupillae
change the shape of the lens for accommodation
oculomotor nerve
89
action of the dilator papillae muscle and type of innervation
radial muscle - increases the diameter of the pupil
| sympathetic, carried on blood vessels
90
action of the sphincter pupillae muscle and type of innervation
constrictor muscle - decreases the diameter of pupil
| parasympathetic
91
extraocular muscles of the eye (7)
```
levator palpebrae superioris
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
```
92
attachment of extraocular muscles of eye
levator palpebrae superioris - orbital roof to upper eyelid
recti - annular ring to sclera (anterior to equator)
superior oblique - lesser wing of sphenoid to sclera (posterior to equator)
inferior oblique - orbital floor to sclera (posterior to equator)
93
why do the axis of orbit and optical axis differ
allows eye to move in more than one direction
94
```
action an innervation of:
levator palpebrae superioris
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
```
raise upper eyelid - oculomotor (CN III)
elevation, adduction, intorsion - oculomotor (CN III)
depression, adduction, extorsion - oculomotor (CN III)
adduction - oculomotor (CN III)
abduction - abducent (CN VI)
intorsion, depression, abduction - trochlear (CN IV)
extorsion, elevation, abduction - oculomotor (CN III)
RADSIN
LR6SO4
95
what cranial nerves innervate the orbit
CN II
CN III - inferior division forms a ciliary body that has both long ciliary and short ciliary nerve
CN IV
CN V1 - lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary stem of this
CN VI
96
branches of the frontal nerve (from CN V1)
frontal divides into supraorbital and supratrochlear pass over the eye and exit through the supra orbital notch
97
blood supply to the orbit
```
internal carotid artery - ophthalmic - branches:
lacrimal
- zygomaticotemporal
- zygomaticofacial
long ciliary links lacrimal back to ophthalmic
central artery of retina
ethmoidal
supratrochlear
supraorbital
```
98
venous drainage of the orbit
facial vein:
superior ophthalmic drains to cavernous sinus
infraorbital drains to ptergoid plexus
inferior ophthalmic between both drainage points
facial vein continues as angular vein then supraorbital vein
99
what does the lacrimal apparatus of the orbit produce and what is it innervated by
tears
| secretomotor fibres from facial (CN VII) carried in trigeminal (CN V1)
100
describe the components of the lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal gland - punctum (at tear ducts) - cannaliculi (channel from punctum) - lacrimal sac - drains to nasolacrimal duct - into inferior meatus
101
root of the facial (CN VII) nerve towards the orbit
joins greater petrosal
nerve of pterygoid canal
branches to lacrimal
sympathetic fibres join as deep petrosal at nerve od pterygoid canal
CN V1 forms pterygoppalatine ganglion which joins at level of nerve of pterygoid canal
102
what are the external muscles of the nose (outermost to innermost) and innervation
naris
levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi
nasalis
facial nerve (CN VII)
103
cartilage of the nose
```
minor alar cartilage
septal cartilage
major alar cartilage
lateral process of septal cartilage
superior margin of septal cartilage
```
104
blood supply to the medial and lateral walls of the nose and origin
anterior and posterior ethmoidal (ophthalmic artery)
sphenopalatine and greater palatine (maxillary artery)
septal branch of the superior labial and lateral nasal (facial artery)
105
nerve supply to the external nose
CN V1 - infratrochlear and external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal
alae (nasal branches of the infraorbital)
106
bones forming the nose
nasal
vomer
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
107
bones of the nasal cavity (anterior and superior - posterior and inferior)
frontal
nasal
maxilla
```
ethmoid
- cribriform plate
- superior concha
- middle concha
inferior concha
maxilla
```
palatine
sphenoid
108
name of area at opening of nose
vestibule
109
area at back of nasal cavity
nasopharynx and auditory tube
110
area under nasal cavity
soft palate
111
spaces between the conchae and purpose
meatus
| warm, filter, turbulence
112
the paranasal sinuses, innervation and their purpose
resonance and lighten skull
frontal - supra-orbital (CN V1)
sphenoidal - posterior ethmoidal (CN V1)
ethmoidal (anterior, middle and posterior) - nasociliary (CN V1)
maxillary - superior alveolar (CN V2)
113
where do the paranasal sinus drain out into
frontal, anterior and middle ethmoidal and maxillary - middle meatus
- frontal follows ethmoidal infundibulum into semilunar hiatus....
- anterior and middle ethmoidal follow infundibulum and direct...
- maxillary follows maxillary osmium into semilunar hiatus...
posterior ethmoidal (form ethmoidal bulla - air cells) - superior meatus
sphenoidal - sphenoethmoidal recess
114
blood supply to the nasal cavity
internal carotid:
ophthalmic - posterior and anterior ethmoidal
external carotid:
maxillary - sphenopalatine and greater palatine
descending palatine
inside nose - kiesselbach's area
*also contributions from facial
115
nerves of the nasal cavity
anterior ethmoidal (branch of nasociliary (CN VI)
nerves from the olfactory bulb
nasal branches of CN V2
posterior superior lateral nasal and inferior lateral nasal branches of the greater palatine nerve
medial
nasopalatine of CN V2
116
veins draining the nasal cavity
under nose:
to facial vein
behind frontal nasal sinus:
vein in foramen caecum
either side of olfactory bulb:
to cavernous sinus
under the sphenoid nasal sinus:
to pterygoid plexus
117
foramen and canals of the nasal cavity
```
foramen caecum
cribiform plate
sphenopalatine foramina on lateral wall
incisive canal
naris
```
118
features of the oral cavity
```
frenulum
hard palate
soft palate
palatoglossal arch
uvula
palatopharyngeal arch
palatine tonsil
```
119
muscles forming boundaries around the oral cavity
anterior digastric below mylohyoid
floor - mylohyoid - diaphragm in floor of the mouth
geniohyoid attach to inferior geniotubercles
genioglossus attach to superior geniotubercles
lateral walls - buccinator
120
suprahyoid muscles contributing to oral cavity and collective job
elevate the hyoid bone
stylohyoid (facial (CN VII)
posterior belly of digastric (facial (CN VII) - depress mandible
mylohyoid (mandibular division of the trigeminal CN V3) - and oral floor / depress mandible
geniohyoid (C1 in hypoglossal)
121
salivary glands around the oral cavity
```
submandibular gland (CN VII) - duct towards frenulum and sits above the hypoglossus and mylohyoid
sublingual gland (CN VII) (floor of mouth)
parotid gland (CN IX)
```
122
root of lingual nerve
chorda tympani joins in lateral wall of mouth giving sensory fibres to submandibular gland and sublingual gland
hypoglossal nerve and lingual artery run just below
glossopharyngeal nerve passes behind hypoglossus
123
what do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do and innervation
change shape of the tongue
fibres in different orientations
hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
124
posterior to the tongue
epiglottis and vallecula
125
sections of the tongue and innervation
posterior 1/3 - lingual tonsils, separated from anterior 2/3 by sulcus terminals
glossopharyngeal CN IX
anterior 2/3 - circumvallate papilla, filiform papilla and fungiform papilla
facial CN VII - taste
trigeminal CN V3 - sensory
126
lymph drainage of the tongue
posterior tongue and middle tongue - deep cervical nodes
lateral tongue - submandibular nodes
tip of tongue - submental nodes
127
the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, innervation, role and blood supply
change position of tongue - speech
palatoglossal - elevate tongue / move soft palate
styloglossus - elevate and retract tongue
hypoglussus - depress tongue
genioglossus - depress tongue and protrude
all hypoglossal CN XII except palatoglossus - vagus nerve CN X
facial and lingual artery
128
features of the hard palate
incisive papilla and palatine rugae
129
sections of the hard palate and blood and nerve supply
nasopalatine - nasopalatine nerve through incisive foramen
greater palatine - greater palatine nerve and artery through greater palatine foramen
lesser palatine - lesser palatine nerve and artery through the lesser palatine foramen
lingual and division of the ascending pharyngeal behind the lesser palatine
blood supply are branches of the maxillary
anterior the teeth:
anterior 2/3 - labial and alveolar branches of the infraorbital nerve
posterior - buccal
sensory - CN V2
130
soft palate and surrounding muscles / structures and innervation
palatoglossus + tonsil joined to palatopharyngeus which joins soft palate
tensor palate and levator palate extend from either side of the auditory tube (salpingopharyngeus extends between the two from the auditory tube)
sensory - CN IX
131
nerves at the auditory tube
CN V2 ganglion + CN VII + sympathetics - branch to join pterygopalatine ganglion
132
venous drainage of the palate
inferior alveolar
posterior superior alveolar
anterior superior alveolar
all drain into the pterygoid plexus which drains into the maxillary vein then internal jugular vein
133
nerve innervation to the palate
ganglion - CN V2 and CN V3 branches:
CN V2:
- posterior superior alveolar
- infraorbital
- superior alveolar plexus
- middle superior alveolar
- anterior alveolar
CN V3:
- inferior alveolar - incisive and mental
134
what is the external division of the ear composed of
auricle
external auditory meatus
external surface of the tympanic membrane
135
what is the middle division of the ear composed of
internal surface of the tympanic membrane
tympanic cavity
ossicles - malleus, incus and stapes
pharyngotympanic tube
136
what is the internal division of the ear composed of
```
auditory apparatus
vestibular apparatus
internal auditory meatus
wextibulococchlear nerve (CN III)
oval window
round window
```
137
relations surrounding the middle ear cavity (musculature bony and vessels)
```
tensor tympani
mastoid antrum
mastoid air cells
internal carotid artery
internal jugular vein
facial nerve -> chorda tympani
```
138
what are the different parts of the auricle called, what is it composed of and where to does lymph drain
```
helix
antihelix
tragus
antitragus
pinna
```
elastic cartilage and muscles of facial expression (vestigial)
lymph to parotid and cervical nodes
139
bloody supply and nerve innervation to the auricle
```
external carotid:
- posterior auricular
- anterior auricular
- superficial temporal
all form perforating branches
```
superior anterior 1/4 - auriculottemporal nerve (CN V3)
middle 1/4 - CN IX and CN X
remainder - CN VII
pinna of ear - lesser occipital and great auricular nerve (from cervical plexus)
140
external auditory meatus composition, blood and nerve supply
lateral 1/3 - elastic cartilage, hair follicles, set and sebaceous glands
medial 2/3 - bone lined by stratified squamous epithelium
external carotid artery - auricular branches
auricotemporal from CN V3
auricular branches form CN VII and CN X
141
structures surrounding the tympanic membrane and its composition
chorda tympani crosses inner surface
malleus attached to inner surface
stratified squamous epithelium and inner mucous membrane
142
nerve supply to outer and inner surface of the tympanic membrane
outer surface - auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) and auricular branch of vagus (CN X)
inner surface - tympanic branches of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
143
what type of joints present between the ossicles
plane synovial joints
144
what opening is posterior to the ossicles
adieus to mastoid antrum
145
nerves passing through the tympanic cavity
CN VII goes behind through the facial canal (prominence)
| lesser petrosal enters and tympanic nerve and they form the tympanic plexus over the promontory (bulge of bone)
146
canals passing through the tympanic cavity
lateral semicircular and facial nerve canal
147
muscles within the tympanic cavity
tensor tympani
| stapedius
148
attachments, nerve innervation and action of the tensor tympani
wall of auditory tube o handle of malleus
CN V3
tense tympanic membrane
149
attachments, nerve innervation and action of the stapedius
pyramid of the ear to neck of the stapes
CN VII
pull footplate of the stapes laterally
150
sensory supply to the tympanic cavity
CN IX
151
blood supply to the tympanic cavity
tympanic branches of:
posterior auricular
ascending pharyngeal
maxillary
carticotympanic branch from internal carotid
152
root of the facial nerve through bone of tympanic cavity
enters through stylomastoid foramen (along with stylomastoid artery) - gives chorda tympani branch (which enters tympanic cavity through petrotympanic fissure) - forms geniculate ganglion - gives greater petrosal branch (which forms internal carotid plexus and exits through hiatus to be joined by deep petrosal branch and form nerve of pterygoid canal) - facial nerve exits through internal auditory meatus
153
root of the chorda tympani
branches off the facial nerve to cross the medial surface of the tympanic membrane and handle of meatus - runs alongside the anterior tympanic artery - lives tympanic cavity via petrotympanic fissure - joins the lingual nerve
154
type of innervation and what does the chorda tympani supply
parasympathetic
sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
taste for anterior 2/3 tongue
155
route and lining of the auditory tube
connects nasopharynx with tympanic cavity
lateral (1.2cm) - bony canal lined mucosa
medial (2.5cm) - cartilaginous and membranous tube
156
purpose of the auditory tube
closed but when tensor veli palatini contracts (swallow / yawn) lumen opens
equalises pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
157
innervation of the auditory tube
sensory - CN IX
158
content of the inner ear
semicircular canals
utricle
saccule
cochlea - scali vestibuli, cochlear duct, scala tympani, helicatrima
159
what supplies the cochlear and vestibular apparatus
CN VIII (vestibulococchlear nerve) through internal auditory canal
cochlear - cochlea (become modiolus)
vestibular - vetibule
160
labyrinths of the inner ear:
bony
membranous
bony:
cochlea
vestibule
semicircular canals
membranous:
continuous system of ducts and sacs in bony labyrinth
161
what surrounds the labyrinths of the ear and what do they contain
bony:
surrounded by otic capsule (within petrous temporal bone)
filled with perilymph
membranous:
suspended in perilymph
contains endolymph
perilymph and endolymph conduct sound vibration and respond to mechanical forces (movement and acceleration)
162
where are the semicircular canals found and what do the contain
posterior and lateral to the vestibule
anterior, posterior and lateral duct
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semicircular canals (continuous with utricle)
swelling at end called ampullae
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163
what does the ampulla contain
equilibrium receptors called crista ampullaris
| respond to angular movements of the head
164
what are the 2 membranous sacs in the vestibule
utricle and saccule
165
what do the utricle and saccule contain
equilibrium receptors called maculae
| respond to pull of gravity and changes in head position
166
blood supply and drainage to/from the internal ear
basilar artery - anteroinferior cerebellar artery - internal auditory artery - two branches; vestibular artery and common cochlear artery
vein of cochlear aqueduct and vein of vestibular aqueduct drain to the internal auditory vein
