Facial Growth 2

Question 1

what are the primary cartilages of the face

Answer 1

nasal capsule and meckels cartilage

Question 2

by which way do the maxilla and mandible develop

Answer 2

intramembranously

Question 3

what is the base of the skull formed by

Answer 3

endochondral ossification

Question 4

what is the vault of the skull formed by

Answer 4

intramembranous ossification

Question 5

what are the sites of facial growth

Answer 5

sutures
synchondroses
surface deposition

Question 6

what are sutures

Answer 6

specialised fibrous joints situated between intramembranous bone

Question 7

why does growth at sutures occur

Answer 7

in response to growing structures separating the bone (growth of calvarium in development of brain)

Question 8

where are synchondroses found

Answer 8

in midline

Question 9

where do synchondroses exist

Answer 9

between ethmoid, sphenoid and occipital bones

Question 10

what is a synchondroses

Answer 10

a cartilage based growth centre with growth occurring in both directions

Question 11

what happens at synchondroses when growth occurs

Answer 11

bones on either side are moved apart
new cartilage formed in centre of synchondrosis as cartilage at periphery is transformed into bone

Question 12

what is surface deposition

Answer 12

new bone deposited beneath periosteum over the surfaces of both cranial and facial bones

Question 13

what is the process of deposition and resorption known as

Answer 13

remodelling

Question 14

what is the change in position of a bone due to remodelling known as

Answer 14

drift

Question 15

why does the cranial vault expand

Answer 15

in response to growing brain

Question 16

what age does the cranial vault expand until

Answer 16

7

Question 17

how does the cranial vault grow

Answer 17

bone growth at sutures
external and internal surface remodelling

Question 18

how does the cranial base grow

Answer 18

endochondral ossification
surface remodelling

Question 19

when is the cranial base finished growing

Answer 19

20 years

Question 20

what does the shape or angle of the cranial base affect

Answer 20

jaw relationship

Question 21

what is a small cranial base angle associated with

Answer 21

class 3

Question 22

what is a large cranial base angle associated with

Answer 22

class 2

Question 23

what does displacement mean

Answer 23

when a mass of bone is moved relative to its neighbours

Question 24

what is displacement brought about by

Answer 24

forces exerted by the soft tissues and intrinsic bone growth

Question 25

what does forward displacement of the mandible allow

Answer 25

space posteriorly for maxillary tuberosities and eruption of molars

Question 26

where in the maxilla/nasomaxillary complex does sutural growth take place

Answer 26

zygomatic and frontal bones and mid palatine suture

Question 27

where does mandibular growth occur from

Answer 27

condylar cartilage

Question 28

how does mandibular growth occur

Answer 28

surface remodelling

Question 29

in what direction does the mandible grow

Answer 29

down and forward

Question 30

where is resorption in the mandible

Answer 30

anteriorly, lingually

Question 31

where is deposition in the mandible

Answer 31

posteriorly and laterally

Question 32

what does growth of the mandible allow

Answer 32

increase in heigh of ramus and increase in length of dental arch to accommodate permanent teeth

Question 33

when does growth slow in the mandible

Answer 33

17 years in females 19 years in males

Question 34

when does growth slow in the maxilla

Answer 34

12 years

Question 35

when does growth accelerate in the mandible

Answer 35

during puberty

Question 36

what order does growth slow first in maxilla and mandible

Answer 36

width length height

Question 37

when will treatment best work if aimed at the mandible

Answer 37

during pubertal growth spurt

Question 38

when will treatment best work if aimed at the maxilla

Answer 38

before circumaxillary sutures and palate have fused (teenage years)

Question 39

what is the impact of growth on orthodontic treatment

Answer 39

can affect severity of malocclusion can be utilised to facilitate treatment continued unfavourable growth after treatment can mean relapse

Question 40

what is a growth rotation due to

Answer 40

imbalance in the growth of anterior and posterior face height

Question 41

what do forward rotations lead to

Answer 41

short face deep bite

Question 42

what do backwards rotations lead to

Answer 42

long face anterior open bite

Question 43

what bone is referred to for growth rotations

Answer 43

mandible

Question 44

how do you measure facial growth changes

Answer 44

casts of face cephalometry 3D laser scanning 3D photogrammetry

Question 45

what are the indications for taking a lateral ceph

Answer 45

aid diagnosis treatment planning progress monitoring

Question 46

what is lateral cephalometry

Answer 46

standardised lateral radiographs of face and base of skull

Question 47

what should the patient be positioned like for a lateral ceph

Answer 47

frankfurt plane parallel to floor teeth in RCP

Question 48

how is the head kept steady in a lateral ceph

Answer 48

contacting soft tissues at nasion and ear rods in external acoustic meatus

Question 49

how do we analyse lateral cephs

Answer 49

identify landmarks and lines measure length/height/angles

Question 50

what do we look at on a lateral ceph

Answer 50

relationship between jaws and cranial base relationship between jaws position of teeth relative to jaws soft tissue profile

Question 51

what reference landmarks are used in a lateral ceph

Answer 51

sella nasion a point b point anterior and posterior nasal spine pogonion mention gonion porion orbitale

Question 52

what reference lines are used in a lateral ceph

Answer 52

sella-nasion frankfurt plane maxillary plane occlusal line mandibular plane

Question 53

what does the eastman analysis measure

Answer 53

antero posterior position of maxilla and mandible relative to base of skull position of mandible relative to maxilla angulation of teeth to maxilla and mandible vertical facial proportions

Question 54

what are the errors with cephalometry

Answer 54

radiographic projection errors errors with measuring system errors in landmark identification