Factors in Zoonotic Disease Emergence

Question 1

factors of disease emergence: 4 categories

Answer 1

genetic/biological
physical environment
ecological
social, political, economic

Question 2

genetic and biological factors of disease emergence (2)

Answer 2

microbial adaptation and change
host susceptibility to infection

Question 3

physical environment factors of disease emergence (2)

Answer 3

climate and weather
urbanization and land use

Question 4

ecological factors of disease emergence (2)

Answer 4

changing ecosystems
human demographics and behavior

Question 5

social, political, economic factors of disease emergence (4)

Answer 5

international travel and commerce
technology and industry
breakdown of public health measures
poverty and social inequality

Question 6

expected percent of population living in urban areas by 2030

Answer 6

60

Question 7

total number of new antimicrobial agents approved by FDA for humans as of 2012

Answer 7

2

Question 8

public health measures (3)

Answer 8

infant mortality
maternal mortality rate
life expectancy at birth

Question 9

how much did life expectancy increase by in 20th century

Answer 9

30 years

Question 10

global trade in exotic animals per year: birds, reptiles, primates

Answer 10

4 million birds
640,000 reptiles
40,000 primates

Question 11

factors that promote zoonoses transmission (4)

Answer 11

frequent contact
animal husbandry and health
personal hygiene
globalization

Question 12

strategies for mitigating future disease emergence (5)

Answer 12

novel vaccines
address antimicrobial resistance
grow one health practitioners
build predictive capability
reduce effects of poverty and inequality

Question 13

recent trend in crude death rate for infectious diseases

Answer 13

recent increase

Question 14

prevent strategies focus on (5)

Answer 14

reduce transmission to humans (focus on higher risk groups)
public settings
human health care facilities
veterinary clinics
coordination with human health care providers

Question 15

high risk groups examples and considerations

Answer 15

immunocompromised
HIV/AIDS
elderly
pregnant women
children
occupations = livestock, vets, zookeepers

Question 16

examples of human focused prevention strategies (4)

Answer 16

good hygeine
PPE/barrier precautions
food preparation
vector mitigation = prevent exposure

Question 17

examples of animal focused prevention strategies (4)

Answer 17

control programs = vaccines, wellness exams
mitigation of dietary factors = hunting and raw meat
parasite and vector control
screening and treatment (intestinal parasites)

Question 18

site specific prevention strategies (3 main sites)

Answer 18

public settings
healthcare facilities
veterinary clinics and hospitals

Question 19

site specific prevention strategies: public settings

Answer 19

*childcare, schools, pet stores, petting zoos
handwashing
falling/sitting on ground
food/pacifier

Question 20

site specific prevention strategies: health care facilities

Answer 20

vaccinated, healthy, free of parasites
animal assisted intervention programs

Question 21

what organization publishes guidelines for therapy animals in healthcare facilities

Answer 21

society for healthcare epidemiology of america (SHEA)

Question 22

site specific prevention strategies: vet clinics and hospitals

Answer 22

handwashing
PPE
environmental infection control = laundry, medical waste
attention to bites/scratches
employee health plan

Question 23

standard precautions for vet clinics and hospitals given by

Answer 23

NASPHV compendium of vet standard precautions

Question 24

2 main causes of immunodeficiency

Answer 24

primary = congenital
secondary = immune system damaged later in life

Question 25

examples of secondary immunodeficiency causes (4)

Answer 25

age malnutrition infection/disease medical treatments

Question 26

immunocompromised children: age at risk, what percent of population, cause

Answer 26

under 5 years old 6.5% poor hygeine

Question 27

immunocompromised elderly: age at risk, percent of population, risk factor

Answer 27

more than 65 years old 13% owning pets

Question 28

what percent of elderly people own pets

Answer 28

45

Question 29

immunocompromised pregnant women: why immunocompromised, risk factor

Answer 29

experience immune changes own pets

Question 30

how many people are HIV positive in US

Answer 30

1.1 million

Question 31

immunocompromised chronically diseased: 2 main diseases

Answer 31

cancer and diabetes

Question 32

2 long term medical treatments that lead to immunocompromised

Answer 32

cancer chemotherapies anti inflammatory drugs

Question 33

5 high risk animal species (more likely to carry zoonotic diseases)

Answer 33

reptiles birds non human primates exotics wildlife

Question 34

special risk situations (2 general)

Answer 34

pet selection human animal contact

Question 35

raw meat diets promote shedding of what 2 bacteria

Answer 35

salmonella e coli

Question 36

special risks to consider with routine pet care

Answer 36

raw meet diets fecal contact in litter box cleaning reptile habitats

Question 37

special risk situations for human animal contact (4)

Answer 37

routine care animals in public settings occupational exposures animal bites

Question 38

important zoonoses for immunocompromised clients (6)

Answer 38

bartonella henselae/cat scratch disease toxoplasma gondii MRSA avian chlamydia/psittacosis mycobacterium spp. (TB, leprosy) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

Question 39

should immunocompromised people keep their pets

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

risks of pet ownership to immunocompromised (3)

Answer 40

more susceptible to opportunistic pathogens disease can be more virulent or present in unusual fashion affected person likely to transmit disease to others

Question 41

benefits of pet ownership to elderly (3)

Answer 41

increased activity increased socialization decreased medical visits

Question 42

benefits of pet ownership to children (3)

Answer 42

increased confidence increased happiness decreased pain perception

Question 43

how to prevent zoonotic diseases in pets (3 general)

Answer 43

diet vet care grooming and flea control

Question 44

preventing zoonotic diseases in pets: diet

Answer 44

reputable commercial diet (no raw meat) clean, fresh water prevent hunting

Question 45

preventing zoonotic diseases in pets: vet care

Answer 45

yearly exams up to date on vaccines, preventative medicine

Question 46

preventing zoonotic diseases in pets: grooming and flea control

Answer 46

keep environments, bedding, feeding areas clean