Introduction To Zoonotic Diseases

Question 1

Zoonoses: definition, transmission types

Answer 1

Diseases/infections naturally transmitted between animals and humans
Includes transmission from “animal to man” & “man to animal”

Question 2

Anthropozoonosis: definition, examples (5)

Answer 2

Animal to human infection
Rabies, brucellosis, cat scratch disease
Bat to human COVID
Pig to human influenza

Question 3

Zooanthroponosis: definition, examples (3)

Answer 3

Human to animal infection
Tuberculosis to elephants
Influenza to ferrets
Human to mink COVID

Question 4

Examples of what are NOT zoonoses (4)

Answer 4

Poisoning/envenomation
Bites, scratches
Allergies
Anthroponoses

Question 5

Situations/places where zoonosis can occur (6)

Answer 5

-Farm sites: farmers, farm help, etc. where people are in close contact with livestock or their byproducts (e.g., milk, placenta)
- Animal processing facilities: workers at slaughterhouses and processing plants
-Forestry/outdoors: people who frequent wildlife habitat for professional or recreational reasons
- Recreation: contact with pets or wildlife in an urban environment
- Laboratories/clinics: health care personnel and laboratory technical specialists who handle specimens, tissues, carcasses
-Emergencies: those affected by catastrophes, refugees, or temporarily living in crowded or high stress situations

Question 6

Agent: definition, characteristics

Answer 6

Organism causing disease
Can act alone or with other organisms
Infections can be transient or persistent

Question 7

Reservoir aka

Answer 7

Carrier

Question 8

Reservoir: definition

Answer 8

Source of persistence in nature and infection in new hosts

Question 9

Amplifier aka

Answer 9

intermediate host

Question 10

Amplifier: definition, characteristics

Answer 10

High levels of agent replication
Closer human contact vs reservoir
Asymptomatic infections often
Most commonly associated with vector borne diseases

Question 11

Amplifier most commonly associated with what kind of diseases

Answer 11

Vector borne

Question 12

Dead end host: definition, characteristics

Answer 12

Agent doesn’t replicate to level necessary for further transmission (don’t infect feeding mosquitos anymore)
Often asymptomatic infections
Associated with vector borne diseases

Question 13

Zoonotic infectious agents: bacteria (5)

Answer 13

Anthrax
Brucellosis
Lepto
Plaque
Q fever

Question 14

Zoonotic infectious agents: viruses (5)

Answer 14

COVID
Influenza
Monkey pox
Rabies
West Nile

Question 15

Zoonotic infectious agents: fungi (3)

Answer 15

Dermatophytes
Histoplasmosis
Basidiobolus

Question 16

Zoonotic infectious agents: prions

Answer 16

Mad cow disease

Question 17

Zoonotic infectious agents: parasites (protozoal)

Answer 17

Toxoplasma
Giardia

Question 18

3 types of parasites

Answer 18

Protozoal
Helminths
Arthropods

Question 19

Zoonotic infectious agents: parasites (helminths)

Answer 19

Baylisascaris
Trichinella

Question 20

Zoonotic infectious agents: parasites (arthropods)

Answer 20

Scabies

Question 21

Is every animal species associated with a zoonosis

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Dogs and cats are reservoir species for (4)

Answer 22

Rabies, roundworms, ringworm
Cat scratch disease

Question 23

Livestock are reservoir species for (4)

Answer 23

Salmonella
E. coli
Brucellosis
Q fever

Question 24

Birds and poultry are reservoir species for (3)

Answer 24

Avian influenza
Chlamydiosis
Cryptococcus

Question 25

Reptiles/fish/amphibians are reservoir species for (2)

Answer 25

Salmonella Mycobacterium

Question 26

Wildlife are reservoir species for (4)

Answer 26

Rabies Hantavirus Plague Tularemia

Question 27

4 routes of zoonotic disease transmission

Answer 27

Direct contact Indirect contact Foodborne Vector borne

Question 28

How zoonotic diseases are transmitted: direct contact

Answer 28

Infected tissue Bite wounds Body fluids (Urine, feces, saliva ; Milk, semen)

Question 29

How zoonotic diseases transmitted: indirect contact

Answer 29

Fomites = food and water dishes (objects likely carrying infection) Aerosol = coughing, sneezing, bedding, dander

Question 30

How zoonotic disease transmitted: vectorborne

Answer 30

Rodents Mosquitos Fleas Ticks

Question 31

SIR model of pathogenesis

Answer 31

SUSCEPTIBLE—> incubation period —> INFECTED/symptomatic —> transmission —> RECOVERED, REMOVED OR DEAD (immune, carriers, or remain susceptible)

Question 32

How many known zoonotic diseases are there

Answer 32

250

Question 33

Number of national notifiable zoonotic diseases

Answer 33

25

Question 34

Number of reported cases of rabies per year

Answer 34

55,000

Question 35

Which disease has the greatest number of reported cases per year

Answer 35

Leptospirosis

Question 36

Are reported or unreported case numbers higher

Answer 36

Unreported

Question 37

Number of unreported salmonella cases per year

Answer 37

1 million

Question 38

Number of unreported campylobacter cases per year

Answer 38

1.3 million

Question 39

Costs of zoonotic diseases (2)

Answer 39

Cost to human health = lost productivity, loss of life Economic costs = treatment, import/export restrictions, loss of trade and tourism

Question 40

Focus of traditional health management

Answer 40

Treating sick animals Vet called to farm Directed at medical treatment vs prevention

Question 41

Herd health management approach focuses on

Answer 41

Prevention = ID risk factors for disease, more proactive

Question 42

Herd health management approach: definition

Answer 42

Optimizes the health, welfare, and production in a population of animals (e.g., beef or dairy cattle, swine, or poultry) through systematic analysis of relevant data and through regular objective observations of the animals and their environment, such that informed, timely decisions are made to adjust and improve herd management over time

Question 43

Herd health management approach: objectives (5)

Answer 43

• Optimize health status by preventing health, production, and reproductive problems • Optimize productivity by improving herd management practices • Optimizes animal welfare and ecological quality of the environment • Optimize the quality and safety of dairy and meat products • Optimize the profitability of the enterprise

Question 44

Which 2 government organizations classify reportable diseases

Answer 44

State department of agriculture USDA/APHIS

Question 45

Main responsibilities of state department of agriculture and USDA/APHIS (3)

Answer 45

Animal health and welfare Classify reportable diseases Animal import/export requirements

Question 46

World organization for animal health: responsibilities (4)

Answer 46

Set disease prevention and control measures Point of contact for disease occurrence Ensure members have access to necessary tools to respond to disease threats Foster onehealth approach across borders

Question 47

Agroterrorism definition

Answer 47

The deliberate introduction of animal or plant disease for the purpose of generating fear, causing economic loss, or undermining social stability

Question 48

Government agencies/departments responsible for protection against agroterrorism (4)

Answer 48

• Department of Homeland Security • USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) • USDA Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) • USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS)

Question 49

3 likely agroterrorism agents

Answer 49

Newcastle disease Rift valley fever Highly pathogenic avian influenza

Question 50

3 confirmed cases of agroterrorism

Answer 50

1997 - rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in New Zealand 1985- screwworm along Mexico/Us border 1952 - milk bush sap poisoned cattle in Kenya

Question 51

Emerging infection definition

Answer 51

a new or newly identified pathogen or syndrome, or one that has resulted in new manifestations of an infectious disease

Question 52

Re emerging/resurging infection definition

Answer 52

a previously identified or known pathogen that is increasing in incidence, expanding to new geographical areas, or affecting new populations or species

Question 53

General characteristics/trends of emerging diseases (5)

Answer 53

Largely zoonotic Bacteria or rickettsia Increasing in frequency More commonly vector borne and drug resistant Emerging hotspots in tropical areas

Question 54

What percent of emerging diseases are due to bacteria

Answer 54

54

Question 55

Emerging diseases are commonly from what sources

Answer 55

Bacteria Wildlife

Question 56

Examples of emerging diseases (5)

Answer 56

Ebola Campylobacter Mad cow disease COVID E. coli

Question 57

Examples of re emerging zoonotic diseases (6)

Answer 57

Rabies West Nile Giardia Tuberculosis Salmonella Mpox

Question 58

Sequence of who report to who for zoonotic diseases

Answer 58

Individual —> state —> UDSA —> WOAH