FAMS mid

Question 1

Intraluminal choke causes an _ condition

Answer 1

acute

Question 2

What can cause intraluminal choke?

Answer 2

Foreign bodies - apples, pears, potatoes, corn cobs
Boluses of dry grain - especially small ruminants

Question 3

If you suspect intraluminal choke, what do you do?

Answer 3

-Ask the owners what the animal diet’s consist of
-what season of the year is it? is it during a time when certain fruits and nuts are available

Question 4

Extraluminal choke

Answer 4

• condition most likely to develop over a period of days with the clincal presentation at first being coughing or gagging type reaction
  -cellulitis from injections
  -abscess, enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, tumors, or pneumonia
  -bots, warbles
  -constriction from previous episode of choke

Question 5

What are CS of choke?

Answer 5

-Increased salivation and attempts to swallow
-may throw head side to side to try to dislodge mass
-various degrees of bloat depending how occluded the esophagus is. EMERGENCY IF THE ANIMAL CANT ERUCTATE
-may stagger due to anoxia of bloat

Question 6

Where are places that things can get stuck for choke?
What else can cause them to choke?

Answer 6

post-pharyngeals
thoracic inlet
base of the heart

-animals may be acidotic and dehydrated because of loss of bicarb and excessive salivation
-may be hyponatremic and hypokalemic

Question 7

How do you treat choke?

Answer 7

-rumen trocar if extremely bloated and about to die- last resort
-sedation with xylazine may help the animal to relax as well as the musculature allowing for relaxation of the esophageal wall and passage of obstruction
-manually remove object , may be able to massgage to open up pharynx
-loop a piece of wire and loop around object to retrieve
-pass a stomach tube and push the object into the rumen
-rumenotomy and a pass a wire loop up to the esophagus
-trocharize the rumen, sedate and see if it resolves within 24 hours

Question 8

After resolving choke, how do you manage the cow?

Answer 8

-antibiotics for prevention and treatment of pneumonia
-NSAIDs always to reduce inflammation and pain
-fluids as needed
-feed a soft diet -
-slaughter may be indicated if you cant resolve the choke

Question 9

Prognosis for choke?

Answer 9

good unless there is damaged to the esophageal mucosa

Question 10

How do you follow up with a choke case?

Answer 10

-watch for reoccurence for the next 24 hours of choke
-ensure acess to water

Question 11

What is bloat?

Answer 11

overdistension of the forestomaches with gas or digesta

Question 12

What are the 3 types of bloat

Answer 12

-frothy bloat -> diets that lead to stable broth within the rumen
-free gas bloat ->excessive gas production and lowered ruminal pH, results in decreased rumen motility and erucatation
-Free gas bloat-> failure to eructate from extra-luminal causes allowing gas accumulation (some type of blockage or partial of the esophagus)

Question 13

What is the pathophysiology behind bloat?

Answer 13

a. low threshold stretch receptors cause cyclic forestomach contractions when stimulated
. Stimulation of high threshold receptors inhibit contractions when stimulated. So beyond a certain point, gas continues to accumulate and contractions resulting in eructation decrease
c. as gas acculmulates, pressure on the diaphgragm and abdominal vessels results in dyspnea and reduced blood pressure and eventually death

Question 14

Describe frothy bloat

Answer 14

small bubbles trap the gas resulting in a rumen full of broth
-only free gas can be eructated

Question 15

What are predisposing factors for frothy bloat

Answer 15

-diets of lush legumes or feeding alfalfa hay
-animals turned out on lush pasture
-frothy ruminal fluid- higher in chloroplast membrane fragments, soluble protein and fine particles compared to non-frothy ruminal fluid
High concentrate/grain diets
-particle size and rate of fermentation
-bacteria produced a mucoprotein slime- more common in low pH rumens

Question 16

Free gas bloat can be due to what?

Answer 16

a. decrease in ruminal contractions
-Consumption of an amount of concentrate that the animal is not used to eating, results in increased volatile fatty acids, and as the pH drops below 5.3, lactic acid. This increase in VFA and decreased pH result in inhibition of cyclic contractions of the forestomach, decreasing eructations resulting in gas accumulation
2. Hypocalcemia -> muscular weakness of rumen wall, decreased contractions
B) blockages
-obstruction of the esophagus
-postural bloat -> cardia is submerged below the ruminal gas cap, occurs when an animal catches herself up against a fence, in a ditch or feed trough and cant get into sternal recumbency

Question 17

What are the CS of bloat regardless of the cause?

Answer 17

-distension of the left paralumbar fossa above the rib and the tubar coxae
-distension may cause the animal to bulge on the right side depending on severity of the bloat
-signs of colic, frequently getting up and down , stretched out neck , stretched out back legs
-open mouth breathing, cyanosis, collapse and death

Question 18

Treatment of bloat is an _

Answer 18

EMERGENCY

Question 19

An owner calls you and tells you that they think their animal is bloated. What do you instruct them to do until you get to the farm?

Answer 19

1. If down or in lateral recumbency, place animal in sternal recumbency
   2.Keep animal moving, keep ingesta mixed and may reduce pressure on the diaphgragm
2. Place a gag in animal’s mouth to decrease saliva production 4
3. pass a garden hose
4. raise the front end of the animal to reduce pressure
5. drench with 1 tablspoon of soap with 1 quart of water
6. trocharize the rumen as a last resort

Question 20

How do we pass a stomach tube?

Answer 20

-with free gas bloat, the gas will come out. May need to reposition tube to find gas pockets
If no gas relief, apply suction on tube and remove. If there is presence of froth administer (polaxlene, mineral oil, dish washing soap)

Question 21

When do we trocharize the rumen and how do we do this?

Answer 21

-if animal is in respiratory distress
-place a trocar in the left paralumbar fossa
-emergency rumenotomy to remove froth

Question 22

What do you do if there is extraruminal bloat?

Answer 22

rumenotomy and suture rumen wall to skin leaving a fistula
-fistula will heal over 4-6 weeks
-place a trochar in the rumen and leave in place for a month

Question 23

How do we treat for rumen acidosis

Answer 23

with sodium bicarb or magneisum hydroxide if pH below 5.5

Question 24

How do we prevent bloat?

Answer 24

a). introduce animals to lush pastures slowly, allow grazing for a couple of hours then remove
b). feed dry hay prior to turning out on pasture
c) polaxalene blocks
d) feeding of an ionophore, reudces the number of lactate producing bacteria and mucus producing bacteria

Question 25

What is traumatic reticuloperitonitis

Answer 25

-a foreign body penetration through the anterior wall of the rumen or the reticulum resulting in inflammation and infection. May result in abscess and peritonitis, liver abscess or classic truamatic pericarditits.

Question 26

Epidemiology of hardwares disease?

Answer 26

a) more common in diairy than beef, small ruminants not very common because they are discretionary eaters b)associated with environments contaminated with metal c) often seen after calving because of breakdown of adhesions or because of increased intraabdominal pressure during calving causes pieces of metal to float

Question 27

What is the pathophysiology of hardwares disease?

Answer 27

a) indiscriminant eating habbits lead to accidental ingestion of foreign bodies. 3-4 inch of bent wire and nails most common b) heavy objects gravitate to the ventral sac of the rumen and then contraction pushes them into the reticulum c) normal reticular contractions push objects cranial through the wall of the reticulum d) bacteria follow the object producing local infection along the length of the object -pain and inflammation lead to decreased appetite and rumen hypomotility

Question 28

If they have acute hardwares disease, what CS do we see?

Answer 28

dairy-acute drop in milk and anorexia b) fever, anorexia, decreased or absent rumen contractions , tachychardia c)pain- grunting when lying down, urinating,. stand with arched back and abducted elbows d) regurgitation of food e)acute death due to rupture of coronary artery or penetration through the heart wall

Question 29

Chronic CS of hardwares disease (most common presentation)

Answer 29

fever adr cow c) weight loss, rough hair coat , abnormal gait

Question 30

What CS can we see with pericardial sac involvement

Answer 30

Heart sounds muffled, may sound like a washing machine due to fluid and gas interface produced by the bacteria signs of congestive heart failure, edema, distended jugular

Question 31

How do we diagnose hardwares

Answer 31

a) clincial signs and rule out other possibilities b) Grunt test (place a board under the xiphoid process and lift dorsally, listen with a stethoscope for a grunt on expiration -pinch cow over the withers causing her to bow downwards, will grunt or reluctant to bow as this stretches the adhesions resulting in pain c) abdominocentesis - may not be rewarding but collection of sample can tell you if there is peritonitis d) radiographs - horizontal view may see a foreignbody, not very rewarding e) exploratory surgery, sweep hand along rumen and reticulum to feel for adhesions

Question 32

What can we see on bw for hardwares disease

Answer 32

a) WBC, fibrinogen, plasma proteins may be normal in the intial stages b) increased fibrinogen and plasma proteins commonly observed. Increase in globulin:albumin ration c) leukogram will vary depending on stages

Question 33

How do we treat hardwares disease

Answer 33

a) acute and painful -> rumenotomy and removal of object b) conservative treatment -> administer magnet, systemic antibiotics, confinement have the front end of the animal elevated, if cardiovascular signs are present reccomend slaughter

Question 34

How do we prevent hardwares disease?

Answer 34

-administer magnets after animals are 6-8 months old b) clean up the environment c) put magnets on feed handling equipment

Question 35

What is rumen acidosis or grain overload?

Answer 35

a severe acidotic condition caused by excessive ingestion of high carbohydrate feeds

Question 36

Epidemiology of rumen acidosis?

Answer 36

Occur when animals consume readily fermentable carbohydrates -> grain, fruits, tubers b) occurs when animals are exposed without adaptation ->animals on feed recieved an excessive amount - compettion at food bunk, some gorge -animal has been off feed and returned without adapation period

Question 37

Explain the pathophysiology of rumen acidosis

Answer 37

a) over consumption of highly fermentable feeds caused an increase population of Streptococcus bovis which produce lactic acid as an end product b) lactate production and increased VFA's decrease the rumen pH to 5 or less and the rumen osmolality increases causing fluid to entter the ruemn c) protozoa and other bacteria die d) increasing aciditiy increase growth of lactobacilla which which produce more lactic acid e) some lactic acid is absorbed systemically. Lactate is also formed from abosroption of VFA's in the rumen wall f) end up with increased rumen fluid volume, distension and and dehydration g) severe dehydration leads to circulatory impariment , decreased GFR leading to anuria in some cases h) poor peripheral perfusion results in hypoxic metabolism which increases systemic acidosis i) have both L and D lactate produced in the rumen, L is metabolized by the animal whereas D is not resulting in high levels of D in the blood

Question 38

What are the CS of rumen acidosis?

Answer 38

- acute depression and possible death -atonic, possibly bloated rumen that has a sloshy feel -dehydration, elevated hearts and respiratory rates -animals have difficulty walking or are recumbent -if live long enough, diarrrhea

Question 39

How do we diagnose rumen acidosis

Answer 39

a) history b) tap rumen and test Ph less than 5 likely look for live protozoa, if dead likely acidosis

Question 40

How do we treat rumen acidosis?

Answer 40

a) correct dehydration and acidosis - alkalizing fluids - sodium bicarb given IV b) try to empty the rumen via Kingman tube or rumenotomy if early in the course of the disease c) systemic penicillin d) magnesium hydroxide orally to neutralize acids f) mineral oral to decrease absorption and speed passage time g) NSAIDS h) thiabendazole to prevent myotic rumenitits i) B vitamins j) tranfaunate- probably the best thing to get them to recover

Question 41

How do we prevent rumen acidosis

Answer 41

a) prevent exposure to large quantities of fermentable carbs b) make feed changes graudaully over 2-3 weeks c) prevent animals from getting into feed storage areas