Mastitis

Question 1

The dairy industry has equated the number of somatic cells in milk to?

Answer 1

the presence of bacteria in milk and the udder

Question 2

What is different about SCC in goats?

Answer 2

Factors other than bacterial infection accounted for 48% variation observed in the SCC of goat milk

Question 3

How is milk secreted in goats?

Answer 3

Milk is produced via aprocrine secretion. During the secretion of milk, a portion of the cell membrane is pinched off. This vesicle may contain DNA and as such maybe counted, depending on the counting method, as a somatic cell. Also, there are a number of epithelial cells sloughed off into milk

Question 4

How is milk secreted in cattle?

Answer 4

Milk secretion in cattle is via merocrine secretion, in this case, the milk products are secreted from the cell via exocytosis.

Question 5

How is milk secreted in sheep?

Answer 5

Although secretion in sheep is classified as merocrine, ovine milk may contain some cytoplasmic vesicles but not nearly the same amount as goats

Question 6

What is the legal limit of SCC in goats?

Answer 6

1,000,000 cells

Question 7

How are SCC determined?

Answer 7

Fossomatic electronic cell counter can be used but must be calibrated with goat milk. The preferred stain for goat milk is pyronin green stain.

Question 8

What is another factor affecting SCC in goat milk?

Answer 8

cell type - the predominate cell type is the neutrophil compared to the lymphocyte/monocyte in bovine milk and ovine milk

Question 9

Neutrophils likely increase as _ increases

Answer 9

DIM

Question 10

Why do goats have high neutrophil counts?

Answer 10

as a protective mechanism against clinical mastitis

Question 11

What else can influence the SCC?

Answer 11

Parity- freshened doelings had the lowest counts and counts increase with with subsequent lactations, mainly increase in neutrophils

Question 12

What trend do we see with SCC and DIM

Answer 12

There is an increase in SCC as DIM increase, especially towards the end of lacation

Question 13

What influence does estrus have on SCC?

Answer 13

In goats, estrogen increases epithelial generation and exfoliation. Thus, epithelial cells are the main reason the SCC goes up compared to cattle and sheeep.

-small ruminants are at the end of their lacation when breeding occurs. Also, there is a decrease in feed consumption resulting in a reduction in milk output.

Question 14

In cattle, when will SCC be lower?

Answer 14

morning milking compared to the evening milking. The opposite is true for sheep.

Question 15

What viral infections are common in ruminants?
What viruses affect each species?

Answer 15

Lentiviral infections.
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis occurs in cattle, ovine progressive pneumonia in sheep, caprine encephalitis arithritis in goats.

Question 16

Sheep and goats serologically positive for OPP and CAE have _ SCC compared to their negative herd mates

Answer 16

Increased

Question 17

Is there a difference in SCC for hand milking vs machine milking?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What has the greatest impact on SCC

Answer 18

Infection

Question 19

What are the most common organisms to cause mastitis?

Answer 19

Staphylococcus
-remove animals with S. aeureus and possibly chronic infections

Question 20

What is the most commonly isolated CNS in goats?
What about sheep?

Answer 20

S. epidermidis and S.caprae
S.epidermidids and S.simulans
dry treatment should contain a product with novobiocin

Question 21

What bacteria are not as prevalent in small ruminants compared to cattle

Answer 21

Streptococcal

Question 22

Do coliforms cause mastitis in small ruminants?

Answer 22

Although isolated from the udder, it doesnt seem to cause the problems it does in the bovine

Question 23

What can manheimmia hemolytica cause in nursing ewes

Answer 23

gangrenous mastitis

Question 24

Contagious agalactia syndrome

Answer 24

produced by mycoplasma species is observed in sheep and goat dairies. Common clincila signs are a watery mastitis that turns to a purulent thick secretion. Some animals may develop a hard agalactic udder. These organisms may cause a subclincial infeciton resuldingin reduced milk production and increased SCCs. More importantly, milk fed to kids may result in severe pneumonia, arthrisi, and a fatal sepitcemia. Treatment is generally infecctive

Question 25

How do we diagnose clinical mastitis in small ruminants?

Answer 25

change of milk consistence and presence of gargot.
-SCC arent very useful in detecting intramammary infections -especially goats

Question 26

California mastitis test score of trace or 1 in small ruminants?

Answer 26

normal flora for small ruminant milk

Question 27

Milk that scores 2 or 3

Answer 27

should be considered for culture

Question 28

Because previous mammary infections may result in fibrosis of the udder resulting in reduce mlk production and subclinicla infecitons, udders should be palpated for hard areas prior to breeding. What about females with detectable areas of fibrosis?

Answer 28

-should be culled as they may not produce adequate milk yields and may develop mastitis from a subclinicla infeciton

Question 29

How can we prevent intramammary infections?

Answer 29

proper milking technique

Question 30

Milking vacuum level?

Answer 30

10-10.6 low line, bucket system
10.6-11.2 high line system

Question 31

Pulsation

Answer 31

70-100 pulsations a minute

Question 32

What is the proper milking procedure

Answer 32

-clean teats with individual towels
-strip teats to examine milk
-apply milking unit within 30 seconds of cleaning teats to capture proper oxytocin release milk let down
-remove all the milk from the udder
-turn off the vaccum to teat before removing unit
-apply teat dip after completion of milking or removal of milking unit