Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

First midterm > Paroxysmal Disorders > Flashcards

Paroxysmal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are paroxysmal disorders?

A

constellation of conditions whose common clincial denominator is the association with episodic, transient, and generally self limiting abnormalities in behavior, movement, or consciousness in an animal that appears normal in between episodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a paroxysm?

A

A sudden recurrence, outburst, or intensification of symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the most important step in classifying a paroyxsmal disorder?

A

Obtaining a thorough history from someone that witnessed the event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paroxysmal disorders can result from _ or _ etiologies

A

epileptogenic or nonepileptogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Non-epileptogenic causes can result from what diseases?

A

neurological or cardiovascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some examples of neurologic non-epileptogenic etiologies

A

narcolepsy, cataplexy, movement disorders, neuromuscular weakness, behavioral stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an example of a cardiovascular nonepileptogenic etiology

A

syncope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are examples of epiletpgenic causes

A

idopathic/ genetic, structural, or unknown epilepsides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is narcolepsy/ cataplexya

A

rare disease affecting the neuronal circuit in brain that regulates the sleep/wake cycle. Specifically involves abnormalities of the hypocretin/orexin neurotransmitter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Narcolepsy can be inherited or genetic, what is this caused by?

A

a mutation in the HCRTR2 gene resulting in abnormality hypocrin/orexin receptors in the brain
-this is autosomal recessive in dobermans, dachunds and lab retrievers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The acquired form of narcolepsy occurs due to?

A

hypocretin/orexin deficiency in the brain , affects older animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the CS of narcolepsy?

A

cataplectic attacks are the primary manifestation of the disease. Sudden and complete atonia causing collapse lasting several seconds to minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are cataplexy triggers?

A

feeding, excitement/stress, concurrent disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do the animals remain conscious during a narcoleptic attack?

A

Yes, particullary at the beginning . Episode can usually be interrupted with petting or interacting with the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How quickly do animasl recover from a narcoleptic episode?

A

quickly. can experience dozens of episodes throughout the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do we diagnose narcolepsy?

A

Uusually based on CS +/- a genetic test where applicable.
-episodes can be induced using food induced cataplexy test or pharmacologically induced with physotiigimine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does an EEG show during a cataplexy or narcolepsy episode?

A

low amplitude, fast waves consistnet with paradoxial sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can we test for the acquired form of narcolepsy?

A

Genetic testing for the HCRTR2 mutation or measurement of CSF hypocretin/orexin concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do we treat narcolepsy?

A

Imaprimaine, clomipramine, yohimbine
-treatment of excessive sleepiness can be done with stimulants
-some cases of acquired can have resolution if the stimulus disappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe behavioral disorders that are characterized as episodic stereotypies

A

-aggression or compulsive disorder
-many manifest as continous rhythmic pacing, oral facial autism (lip smacking) or tail chasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are animals in between behavioral episodes?

A

usually normal
-there is no alteration in consciousness or muscular tone during these episodes but there is usually an identifiable trigger

22
Q

what are transient vestibular attacks?

A

A rare syndrome that is characterized by recurrent, transient signs of vestibular disease (head tilt, nystagmus, vestibular ataxia) that resolves spontaneously within 24 hours

23
Q

What has transient vestibular attacks been associated with in dogs?

A

systemic hypertension, hypothyroidism, otitis media/interna, and cerebellar malformations/ degernative disease

24
Q

How are animals in between vestibular attacks?

A

they are normal , do not have impaired consciousness during episode

25
Q

In cases with vestibular attacks that have cerebellar malformations or neurodegenerative disease how can vestibular designs be induced?

A

by manipulating the head position

26
Q

How can transient vestibular attacks resolve?

A

if underlying etiology can be identified and successfully managing and treating hypertension, hypothryoidis

27
Q

What is paroxysmal dyskinesias?

A

Dyskinesias is a general term referring to a heterogenous group of CNS disorders that impair normal posture muscle tone or locomotion without affecting consciousness.

28
Q

Cramp or hypertonocity in scottish terriers

A

-trigger is stress or excitement, exerise

29
Q

Cramp age of onset

A

most are less than 1 year of age
-autosomal recessive inheritance

30
Q

Describe CRAMP

A

-duration of episode -> less than 30 minutes
-frequency of episodes depends on trigger
pehnotype -> stiffness or bunny hopping of pelvic limbs, kyphotic posture ], stiffness may also involve thoracic limbs

31
Q

How do we treat CRAMP
How does it progress

A

diazapam and fluoxetine.
severeity and frequency decrease with age, treatment and behavioral modification

32
Q

Canine epileptoid cramping syndrome of the border terrier (spike’s diseas)

A

trigger -> stress, excitement, waking up, temperature extremes
-age of onset -> majority less of 3 years of age
durationg of episodes -> 1 minutes to 3 hours
frequency of episodes -> multiple per day, month or per year

33
Q

How does spikes disease look?
-treatment

A

inability to stand or walk, involuntary flexion or extension of multiple limbs , dysotonia or vomiting
-may resolve with gluten free diet

34
Q

Paroxysmal nonkinesogenic dyskinesias of the Chinook

A

trigger -> unknown
age of onset -> most cases less than 3 years of age
duration of episodes -> less than 1 hour
frequency of episodes ->several per day, per year to per lifetime

35
Q

Chinook phenotype
treatment/progression

A

sustained limb flexion, flailing or kicking of the limbs, ocassionally head tremor
-unknown

36
Q

Episodic, postural or tremor syndromes

A

tremors are involuntary, rhythmic oscillatory movements of a body part with symmetric velocity in both directions of movement
-postural tremors actional related tremors that occur when muscles are supporting the body against gravity

37
Q

Episodic, postural tremor of the head and neck (head tremor or head bobbers)
Signalment
triggers
phenotype
diagnosis
treatment
prognosis

A

-boston terrior, bulldog, bocer, doberman predisoposed, usuually mean age less than 4 years
-can be triggered by illness, surgery or other stressors
-focal tremors of the head that can results in horizontal or vertical head excersions . they can last seconds to hours. Episodes can be interrupted in a majority of dogs
-signalement history and CS
-various anticonvulsant medications have been tried but dont seem to work
-non progressive disease

38
Q

neuromuscular weakness

A

Myathesnia gravis and polymyositis may cause paresis that may eventually cause collapse. THe collapse is usally associated with historical or clincial evidence an excerise associated exacerbation of weakness and the animal often has other CS of disease . Typically do not recover rapidly or completely after collapse

39
Q

What is syncope

A

udden, transient loss of consciousness and
postural tone. During the syncopal attack, the animals will have flaccid
muscle tone, but some will display myoclonic jerks of the limbs or head at the
episode onset, and some animals will display autonomic signs (urinate

40
Q

How do animals with syncope appear before and after an attack?

A

Animals with syncope do not typically show any pre- or post-episodic signs;
exercise and stress may precipitate syncopal events; and recovery from an
episode is nearly instantaneous.

41
Q

How often can animals with syncope have episodes?

A

There can be multiple episodes/day, and episodes frequently occur in rapid
succession

42
Q

What are other non-epileptogenic causes of paroxysms?

A

Pain
-Several disorders are classically characterized by clinical signs of episodic
discomfort with intervening periods of relative normalcy. These include
Chiari-like malformation and syringohydromyelia, feline orofacial pain
syndrome (FOPS), and intermittent claudication. In addition to their
paroxysmal nature, these conditions can be accompanied by abnormal body
postures, stereotypical behaviors, or reluctance to move in the absence of
more classical signs of associated with pain.

43
Q

Epileptic seizures

A

ecurrent, transient, and sudden, often stereotypical motor, sensory,
autonomic, or psychic disturbance that results of excessive or abnormal synchronous
electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures can result from a genetic predisposition to
seizures (genetic/idiopathic epilepsy), secondary to many brain diseases (structural
epilepsy), or for unknown reasons.

44
Q

How can we differentiate seizures from other paroxysmal events?

A

Many seizures will have an identifiable premonitory event, the aura,
in which the animal displays abnormal behaviors, such as attention
seeking, hiding, etc that occur a few minutes prior to the ictus

45
Q

Seizures are the most common paroxysmal event aoscciated with _ signs
-are they conscious?

A

autonomci
-their consciouness is impaired

46
Q

Seizures very commonly _ muscle tone.
What is the most common semiology of a seizure?

A

-increased
-generalized tonic-clonic seizure. the animal first goes stiff (tonic phase), becomes recumbent, and then develops rhythmic alternating muscle contractions (tonic-clonic phase) which may progress to running type movement

47
Q

Seizures first often manifest how?

A

in the face/head as eyelid twitching movements and then secondarily generalize

48
Q

When do seizures most often occur

A

at rest or when the animal is sleeping

49
Q

What are most common for focal or generalized seizures?

A

rhythmic alternating or muscle contractions

50
Q

Most animals with epilepsy will look how?

A

each seizure will look the same

51
Q

How long does the typical ictal event last

A

less than 1-3 minutes

52
Q

What are common after a seizure

A

post ictal abnromalitesi and can last hours to day
-fear, aggression blindness, increased appetite and ataxis

First midterm (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions