Fat soluble vitamins

Question 1

Vitamin A family

Answer 1

retinoids

Question 2

Most abundant carotenoid eaten by people

Answer 2

beta carotene -carrots

Question 3

Where is retinol stored

Answer 3

Liver and adipose tissue

Question 4

What is retinol stored as

Answer 4

retinyl esters

Question 5

Vitamin A is essential for

Answer 5

vision

Question 6

Retinyl esters are hydrolyzed in the intestinal lumen into what

Answer 6

FFA and retinol

Question 7

How much vitamin A does the liver store

Answer 7

6-12 month supply

Question 8

Liver supplies target tissues with Vitamin A in what form

Answer 8

Retinol bound to retinol binding proteins

Question 9

RBP-retinol complex associates with what in the blood

Answer 9

transthyretin

Question 10

Functions of vitamin A

Answer 10

Gene regulation, antioxidant, vision

Question 11

Form of vitamin A that functions in gene regulation

Answer 11

All-trans retinoic acid

Question 12

Major target tissues for gene regulation

Answer 12

epithelial cells

Question 13

Epithelial cells dont synthesize ____ if they’re supplied with enough retinal to make retinoic acid

Answer 13

Keratin

Question 14

What cells dont normally keratinize

Answer 14

Internal epithelial cells

Question 15

What cells do normally keratinize

Answer 15

epidermal epithelial cells because they aren’t vascularized

Question 16

In what environment does vitamin A function as an anti-oxidant

Answer 16

lipid rich environments

Question 17

Primary anti-oxidant form of Vitamin A

Answer 17

caroternoids

Question 18

Severe hypovitaminosis

Answer 18

xeroplanthia (progressive keratinization of the cornea leading to blindness)

Question 19

Mild hypovitaminosis

Answer 19

night blindness, follicular hyperkeratosis

Question 20

Special needs for vitamin A

Answer 20

Premature infants, fat malabsorption syndromes

Question 21

Sources of vitamin A

Answer 21

Liver, dark green/ yellow vegetables

Question 22

What activates the cholesterol metabolite in our skin to form vitamin D3

Answer 22

UV light (290-315 nm)

Question 23

Cholecalciferol has to undergo what to become the active form of vitamin D

Answer 23

2 hydroxylations

Question 24

Where does the first hydroxylation occur & catalyzed by what

Answer 24

Liver - CYP2R1

Question 25

Where does the 2nd hydroxylation occur, what enzyme

Answer 25

Kidney, CYP27B1

Question 26

What is the active form of vitamin D

Answer 26

1,25-diOH- cholecalciferol

Question 27

Function of 1,25-diOH- cholecalciferol

Answer 27

Acts alone as a steroid

Question 28

What does 1,25-diOH- cholecalciferol induce the synthesis of

Answer 28

A protein required for calcium absorption

Question 29

What does 1,25-diOH- cholecalciferol act synergistically with

Answer 29

PTH to promote bone resorption - or to inhibit calcium excretion in the kidney by stimulating calcium reabsorption

Question 30

Principal role of vitamin D

Answer 30

CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

Question 31

Vitamin D deficiency in kids

Answer 31

Rickets

Question 32

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

Answer 32

osteomalacia

Question 33

Dietary sources

Answer 33

Saltwater fish, liver, egg yolk

Question 34

Vitamin E- only form that meets human needs

Answer 34

Alpha- tocopherol

Question 35

Main function of vitamin E

Answer 35

Antioxidant -cell membrane integrity

Question 36

Vitamin E hypovitaminosis

Answer 36

Increased fragility of RBC membranes

Question 37

Best sources of vitamin E

Answer 37

vegetable oils

Question 38

Vitamin K main function

Answer 38

Gamma- carboxylation of glutamate residues

Question 39

K is important for synthesis of

Answer 39

pre coagulation factors

Question 40

Sources of K

Answer 40

Intestinal flora produce half RDA

Question 41

Vitamin K hypovitaminosis

Answer 41

Hemorrhage- predisposed if parenteral nutrition, liver dysfunction, or malabsorption syndrome

Question 42

Vitamin K is given to who

Answer 42

newborns

Question 43

Special needs of K

Answer 43

Counteract overdoses of Coumadin anticoagulants, counteract antibiotic therapy