fats

Question 1

what are fats stored as

Answer 1

adipose tissue

Question 2

organic compound of fat is called

Answer 2

lipids

Question 3

functions of fats

Answer 3

provide energy
carry fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
supply EFA (essential fatty acids)
protect and support structure of body tissue
insulate
provide satiety (satisfaction)

Question 4

sign of fat deficiency

Answer 4

eczema
weight loss
retarded growth

Question 5

animal sources of fats

Answer 5

bacon, sausage (fatty meats)
whole milk
cream, butter, cheese
egg yolk
tuna and salmon (fatty fish)

Question 6

plant sources

Answer 6

oils, nuts, chocolate, avocados, olives, margarine

Question 7

what are visible fats + examples

Answer 7

bought and used as fats
butter, margarine, fat on meat

Question 8

what are invisible fats + examples

Answer 8

not immediately noticeable
egg yolk, cheese, cream, salad dressing, avocado

Question 9

types of lipids

Answer 9

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Question 10

triglycerides are composed of

Answer 10

3 fatty acids attached to glycerol

Question 11

what are fatty acids classified as?

Answer 11

essential (EFA) and nonessential

Question 12

what are EFAs

Answer 12

through diet (cannot synthesize)
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
derived from linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids

Question 13

2 families of EFAs

Answer 13

omega-3, omega-6

Question 14

what are inessential fatty acids

Answer 14

monounsaturated: oleic acid
omega-9

Question 15

another way to classify fatty acids

Answer 15

saturated
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated

Question 16

properties of saturated fats

Answer 16

no double bonds
solid at room temp.
play big part in atherosclerosis
7% of daily kcals from saturated

Question 17

sources of saturated fats

Answer 17

animal foods (meat, eggs, milk, cheese, cream, butter)
not many plants but exceptions: chocolate, coconut, palm oil

Question 18

properties of monounsaturated fats

Answer 18

1 double bond
play little part in atherosclerosis
15% of kcals from monounsaturated fats
lower LDL (bad cholesterol) when monounsat replaces sat

Question 19

sources of monounsaturated fats

Answer 19

olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil, avocados, sardines, cashew nuts

Question 20

properties of polyunsaturated fats

Answer 20

multiple double bonds
Omega-3 lowers risk of heart disease
Omega-6 lowers cholesterol
soft and oily
8% of daily kcals

Question 21

sources of polyunsaturated fats

Answer 21

sunflower, safflower, or sesame oils, corn or soybeans, soft margarines (liquid vegetable oil) and fish

Question 22

what are TFAs

Answer 22

trans-fatty acids
hydrogen added to liquid fat making it solid
raises LDL and total cholesterol

Question 23

what are hydrogenated fats

Answer 23

polyunsaturated vegetable oils
added hydrogen to make it solid at room temp.

Question 24

what is hydrogenation

Answer 24

the combining of fat with hydrogen, thereby making it a saturated fat and solid at room temperature

Question 25

what is cholesterol

Answer 25

type of sterol (waxy solid) fat-like substance in body cells and animal food

Question 26

animal sterols are called

Answer 26

zoosterols

Question 27

plant sterols are called

Answer 27

phytosterols

Question 28

where is cholesterol made

Answer 28

liver 800-1000g/day

Question 29

sources of cholesterol

Answer 29

mainly animal no plants egg yolk, fatty meats, shellfish, butter, cream, cheese, whole milk, and organ meats

Question 30

properties of cholesterol

Answer 30

Produces important hormones, bile, cortisone, Vit D, part of cell membranes

Question 31

what can high serum cholesterol (total cholesterol in blood) result in

Answer 31

hypercholesterolemia common in atherosclerosis patients.

Question 32

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 32

plaque which blocks blood flow

Question 33

blood cholesterol limit

Answer 33

200mg/dL

Question 34

how do you lower cholesterol

Answer 34

reduce saturated fats increase monounsaturated fats soluble fiber not giving too much to kids reduces likeliness of overconsumption as adults

Question 35

how much of fats are digested

Answer 35

95%

Question 36

where are fats digested

Answer 36

not mouth some in stomach: gastric lipase emulsify fats found in eggs mostly small intestine: bile emulsifies, pancreatic lipase break down

Question 37

how are fats transported in bloodstream

Answer 37

lipoproteins (carriers made of fat and protein)

Question 38

Lipoproteins are classified as

Answer 38

chylomicrons, very-low-density lipo-proteins (VLDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs),

Question 39

Chylomicrons function

Answer 39

largest and first lipoproteins Transports fat absorbed from the gut 80-90% triglycerides

Question 40

VLDL function

Answer 40

made by the liver to transport lipids throughout the body 55-65% triglycerides become LDL after picking up cholesterol

Question 41

LDL function

Answer 41

carry blood cholesterol to the cells 45% cholesterol atherosclerosis causing "bad" cholesterol

Question 42

HDL function

Answer 42

carry cholesterol from cells to the liver for eventual excretion increased amounts are good (60mg/dL, not below 40mg/dL)

Question 43

how does the liver control fat metabolism

Answer 43

hydrolyze triglycerides -> new ones

Question 44

what is Lecithin

Answer 44

phospholipid fatty substance found in plant and animal foods emulsifier transport fats in the bloodstream used commercially to make food products

Question 45

what are Eicosanoids

Answer 45

hormones messengers for the CNS Come from EFAs

Question 46

elimination of fats

Answer 46

in cells: fatty acids -> CO2 and water (CO2 through respiratory system, water through excretion)

Question 47

what percent of kcals should fat be in diet

Answer 47

30%

Question 48

what are some fat alternatives

Answer 48

olestra simplesse oatrim

Question 49

olestra function

Answer 49

made from carbs and fat used in snacks inhibits absorption of vitamins and nutrients cause cramps and diarrhea no calories

Question 50

what needs to be added to olestra foods

Answer 50

vitamins ADEK (fat soluble)

Question 51

simplesse function

Answer 51

from egg white or milk protein 1.2kcal/g

Question 52

oatrim function

Answer 52

carb-based, oat fiber heat stable thickener provide calories but not much fat

Question 53

excess fats can cause

Answer 53

heart diseases, obesity

Question 54

simplesse and olestra are

Answer 54

fat alternatives