proteins

Question 1

kcals/g of protein

Answer 1

4

Question 2

functions

Answer 2

build tissue
regulate body
energy (non-optimal)

Question 3

how do proteins regulate body functions

Answer 3

hormones and enzymes for metabolism and digestion
exerts osmotic pressure on cells
pH balance
antibodies
transports fats

Question 4

whats the blood pH

Answer 4

7.35-7.45

Question 5

4 things attached to the carbon

Answer 5

amino group, carboxyl group, side chain, H

Question 6

what bond join amino acids together

Answer 6

peptide bond

Question 7

classification of proteins

Answer 7

indispensable/essential
dispensable/nonessential
conditionally indispensable
complete proteins
incomplete proteins
complementary proteins

Question 8

what are indispensable/essential proteins

Answer 8

body cannot make enough so necessary in diet

Question 9

amino acids that are essential

Answer 9

methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine + more

Question 10

what are dispensable/nonessential
proteins

Answer 10

Can be made in body from other amino acids

Question 11

amino acids that are nonessential

Answer 11

cysteine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glutamine, histidine, tyrosine, proline, serine, more

Question 12

what are conditionally indispensable proteins

Answer 12

Normally dispensable but sometimes needed in diet

Question 13

what are complete proteins

Answer 13

contain all the essential
amino acids
bioavailable (ability for body to absorb and use)

Question 14

sources of complete protein

Answer 14

meats, fish, poultry, eggs milk, cheese
animal proteins

Question 15

what are incomplete proteins

Answer 15

do not contain all of the essential amino acids
cannot be used singularly to build muscle

Question 16

sources of incomplete protein

Answer 16

animal: gelatin
corn, peanuts, peas, beans, grains, nuts, seeds
mainly plants

Question 17

what are complementary proteins

Answer 17

incomplete proteins that when combined provide all ten essential amino acids

Question 18

examples of complementary proteins

Answer 18

corn and beans
bread and PB
macaroni and cheese
cereal and milk

Question 19

other sources of proteins

Answer 19

dairy/eggs for lacto-ovo and lacto-vegetarians
albumin - egg whites
gluten - wheat
casein - milk

Question 20

why are vegetarian diets good

Answer 20

lower risk of obesity, diabetes, cancer, good for treatment of renal disease (less demand on kidneys)

Question 21

how much protein is digested

Answer 21

92%

Question 22

state the different locations of protein digestion and explain

Answer 22

mouth: chewing/mastication
stomach: HCl
small intestine

Question 23

use of HCl in stomach

Answer 23

turn enzymes into inactive forms (pepsinogen in proteins to pepsin)
unfold protein making it more accessible to pepsin

Question 24

3 ENZYMES IN small intestine that break down proteins

Answer 24

trypsin, carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin

Question 25

describe digestion in small intestine

Answer 25

trypsinogen (pancreas) is activated by an enzyme (enterokinase) that makes it active into trypsin. this trypsin activates chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin and procarboxypeptidase into carboxypeptidase

Question 26

what is deamination and when does it happen

Answer 26

When amino acids are broken down, the nitrogen-containing amine group is stripped off.

Question 27

what does deamination produce

Answer 27

ammonia -> liver -> urea -> excreted in kidneys remaining parts changed to energy can become another amino acid.

Question 28

Rate of deamination depends on

Answer 28

metabolic activity and available supply of amino acids

Question 29

Tissue turnover meaning

Answer 29

continuous reshaping of protein balance in body

Question 30

amount of protein a person needs depends on

Answer 30

age, size, sex, physical/emotional situation

Question 31

recommended protein intake

Answer 31

0.8g protein/kg of body weight

Question 32

what are some examples of different protein needs in the body

Answer 32

bad digestion, surgery, severe burns, infections, emotional trauma

Question 33

what is nitrogen balance

Answer 33

when nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excreted

Question 34

positive nitrogen balance occurs when

Answer 34

nitrogen intake exceeds outgo pregnant, new muscles forming or reforming after physical trauma

Question 35

Negative nitrogen balance occurs when

Answer 35

more nitrogen lost than taken in starvation, burns, injury, fever

Question 36

% of kcal

Answer 36

10-35%

Question 37

what does long-term high protein cause

Answer 37

colon cancer high calcium excretion (deplete calcium in bones -> osteoporosis) < demand on liver/kidneys because need to excrete excess urea

Question 38

In children, long time of negative nitrogen balance can cause

Answer 38

retardation fatal

Question 39

protein supplements purpose and properties

Answer 39

bulking, finger nails, weight loss, etc. NOT to build muscles (only diet and exercise can help with that) not as bioavailable as High-quality protein

Question 40

protein deficiency signs

Answer 40

muscle wasting -> thin arms and legs albumin (protein in blood plasma) will go down causing edema and swollen appearance depressed

Question 41

protein deficiency usually neglected in what group

Answer 41

children, elderly, poor, or incapacitated

Question 42

PEM meaning

Answer 42

lack protein and energy-rich foods

Question 43

2 diseases affecting children are

Answer 43

Marasmus Kwashiorkor

Question 44

Marasmus meaning and signs

Answer 44

severe wasting caused by lack of protein and all nutrients or faulty absorption emancipated but no edema skin is wrinkled, hair is dull

Question 45

Kwashiorkor

Answer 45

extreme and sudden lack of protein fat accumulates in liver edema (swelling), painful lesions, change in pigmentation high mortality

Question 46

those that survive protein deficiency still face permanent...

Answer 46

mental retardation

Question 47

only plant source of complete proteins

Answer 47

quinoa

Question 48

what age does body protein reach the adult level of 18% of body weight

Answer 48

4