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Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 > Female Reproduction and Menopause 🌑🌘🌗🌔🌕🌖🌓🌒🌑 > Flashcards

Female Reproduction and Menopause 🌑🌘🌗🌔🌕🌖🌓🌒🌑 Flashcards

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1
Q

When does meiosis resume

A

only in the oocyte released at ovulation

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2
Q

Estrogen has a feedback control for _________ in general

A

gonadotropes

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3
Q

What is the physiological effect of progesterone on the body temperature and appeitite

A

increased temperature after ovulation

increased appetite

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4
Q

Where do androgens convert to estradiol?

Under what stimulation?

A

granulosa cells

FSH stimulation

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5
Q

The LH surge stimulates the conversion of the antral follice into the

A

Graafian follicle

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6
Q

The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle correlates with the ____ phase of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular

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7
Q

How long does it take for a mature follicle to form from a secondary follicle?

What is the oocyte inside called at the end of this maturation?

A

2 weeks

secondary OOCYTE

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8
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the cervix

A

Mucous thin, watery and alkaline

increases distensibility, making birthing easier

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9
Q

What does the Corpus Luteum secrete during the luteal phase

A

progesterone and estrogen

to prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum

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10
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the skin

A

Inhibits body and facial hair growth

promotes pubic and axillary hair growth

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11
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the kidney

A

increases absorption of Na+, Cl-, and H2O, contributes to bloating during menstrual cycle

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12
Q

What happens to estrogen in menopause

A

no longer produced by follicles

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13
Q

primary oocytes are enclosed by a layer of

A

pre-granulosa cells

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14
Q

What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the heart

A

low cholesterol

arterial vasodilator

decreases atherosclerosis

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15
Q

In the proliferative phase, the endometrium starts to repair itself and proliferate under the influence of ___________

A

estrogen from newly growing follicles

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16
Q

In the secretory phase, Progesterone converts endometrium to a highly vascularized, _____-filled tissue

A

glycogen

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17
Q

When do oogonia stop production

A

6 months after birth 👶🏼

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18
Q

average age of menopause

A

51.4 years

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19
Q

What is the oocyte referred to as after it completes meiosis 1 in ovulation

A

secondary oocyte

and a first polar body

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20
Q

What does the uterus need prior to stimulation by progesterone

A

stimulation by estrogen

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21
Q

What is stimulated by low pulse frequency GnRH

A

FSH Gonadotropes

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22
Q

What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the vagina

A

antagonizes estrogen

decreases proliferation of epithelial layer

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23
Q

Menses occurs ____ days after ovulation, regardless of cycle length. Therefore, cycles longer than 28 days have a longer _______ phase

A

14

Proliferative

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24
Q

Which part of the ovarian cycle is hormone-independent

A

development of a primordial follicle up to a preantral follicle

further development of the follicle into a mature follicle is stimulated by FSH

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25
What causes the expulsion of blood and endometrial debris from uterine cavity to vagina
release of prostaglandins | stimulates rhythmic contractions of uterine myometrium
26
FSH ---> _______ to convert androgen ---> estrogen
Granulosa cells
27
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the fallopian tubes
increase the number of cilia and their rate of beating, drawing the ovum into the tube
28
What do luteal cells produce
estrogen progesterone
29
What triggers second meiotic division
sperm entry
30
How long does it take for the Corpus luteum to become vascularized and fully functional after ovulation
four days continues to grow for another 4-5 days
31
What does FSH stimulate at the beginning of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
further development of follicles that have reached preantral stage secondary follicle as an estrogen-rich antrum forms
32
Under the influence of local paracrines, granulosa cells secrete:
the zona pellucida around the oocyte | "gel-like substance"
33
When does follicular atresia accelerate? (climacteric)
37.5 years
34
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the mammary glands
required for growth increases ductal growth increases nipple size and pigmentation
35
Where is estrogen stored in the follicle
antrum
36
For every one mature ovum, how many polar bodies?
3
37
What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the mammary gland
increases branching of ductal system stimulates development of lobules and alveoli
38
What is the end of the follicular phase
LH burst ➡️ mature follicle ruptures ➡️ releases oocyte ➡️ ovulation
39
What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the uterus
development/ differentiateion of endometrial glands converts uterus into actively secreting tissue Induces decidua (placenta) formation Decreases contractility
40
How are LH and FSH levels able to rise again to start a new menstrual cycle after being suppressed during the secretory phase
Corpus lutem dies and stops secreting estrogen and progesterone which were inhibiting FSH and LH
41
After releasing oocyte, the ruptured follicle develops into ________________ under the influence of ________
Corpus Luteum LH
42
You can diagnose menopause when FSH is > ?
30 mIU/mL | no menses for 12 months in women of typical range
43
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the endometrium
Thickens, increases permeability and blood supply SYNTHESIZES RECEPTORS FOR PROGESTERONE ON UTERINE CELLS************
44
Why do theca cells convert cholesterol to androgens during the follicular phase
stimulated by LH only cells that have cholesterol desmolase
45
When does the second meiotic division occur
AFTER FERTILIZATION
46
What is the peak number of oogonia How many oocytes are left at birth
6-7 million oogonia 2 million oocytes
47
effects of LH surge:
1. antral to graafian follicle 2. meiosis resumed 3. proteolytic enzymes in follicle for rupture 4. increase prostaglandins (blood flow, wall distensibility, proteolytic enzymes) 5. differentiate follicle cells into corpus luteum
48
What is stimulated by high pulse frequency GnRH
LH Gonadotropes
49
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the skeletal system/ Ca2+ metabolism
epiphyseal closure facilitates calcium uptake into bone antagonizes PTH on bone decreases production of cytokines inhibits osetoclasts
50
What is the physiological effect of estrogen on adiposity
subcutaneous fat hips and breasts
51
What happens to FSH in menopause
increased
52
pre-granulosa cells become ______ which proliferate and outer most layer becomes ______ surrounding ovarian tissue differentiates into _______
cuboidal 🔲 stratified theca
53
What is the physiological effect of estrogen on the myometrium
increases OXYTOCIN receptors and contractions
54
What induces Inhibin release from granulosa cells
FSH Inhibin has a negative feedback on FSH release specifically
55
What are the physiological effects of estrogen on the vagina
Proliferation of epithelial layer increases vaginal secretions
56
What are the physiological effects of progesterone on the cervix
antagonizes estrogen decreases distensibility thick, acidic mucus, poor environment for sperm
57
Variability of the uterian cycle would most likely occur in the (proliferative/secretory) phase
Proliferative
58
What is the physiological effect of progesterone on the kidney
decreases Na+ reabsorption by competing with aldosterone
59
What % of estradiol is free versus bound
3% free
60
What causes the death of the endometrium in the menstrual phase
release of prostaglandins | vasoconstriction of endometrial vessels
61
The secretory phase of the Uterine cycle correlates with the _____ phase of the ovarian cycle
Luteal
62
corpus luteum versus corpus albicans
corpus luteum = yellow, cholesterol 🔶 | corpus albicans = white, fibrous tissue ⚪️
63
If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, what happens
lost in menstruation without ever completing oogenesis
64
What suppresses a second LH surge
LH transforms ruptured follicular granulosa and theca cells into luteal cells luteal cells make estrogen and progesterone progesterone negatively feedbacks on hypothalamus and pituitary suppresses positive feedback of estrogen
65
Primordial Germ Cells undergo mitosis until
20-24 weeks gestation
66
LH ---> _______ to convert cholesterol ---> androgen
Thecal cells
67
Mechanism of Action of Hormonal Contraception:
Prevents ovulation by negative feedback on the anterior pituitary, preventing LH surge
68
What converts a primary follicle into a preantral follice
surrounding connective tissue ➡️➡️ differentiates into thecal cells
69
Why does LH rise in a surge during mid cycle and FSH doesn't?
Inhibin
70
Are the polar bodies filled with cytoplasm or cytoplasm devoid
cytoplasm devoid
71
How does the follicle rupture to release oocyte from ovary [aka ovulation]
enzymatic digestion
72
What causes menstrual cramps
increased prostaglandins - contraction of the uterus
73
primary oocytes remain arrested in
prophase 1 of meiosis until just before ovulation
74
By puberty, only ______ oocytes remain and only _____ are ovulated throughout life
400,000 400-500

Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 (5 decks)

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