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Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 > Male Reproduction 🍆 > Flashcards

Male Reproduction 🍆 Flashcards

(111 cards)

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1
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Muscle mass💪🏼

A

Testosterone

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2
Q

What is the product of meiosis in spermatogenesis

A

two divisions create 16 spermatids

single strand of one chromosome

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3
Q

What is the role of testosterone in embryonic/ fetal development

A

masculinize reproductive tract and external genitals

promotes descent of testes into scrotum

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4
Q

What fluid is secreted by sertoli cells that aids in flushing sperm to epididymus

A

seminiferous tubule fluid

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5
Q

Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by:

A

5a-reductase

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6
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Libido

A

Testosterone

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7
Q

Propecia (finasteride) MOA

A

5a-reductase antagonist, does not let testosterone convert to DHT

tx of hair loss and enlarged prostates

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8
Q

We don’t use male endocrine contraception because it has these kinda terrible side effects:

A

acne
increased body weight
decreased HDL

FAT AND PIMPLE-Y 🤮

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9
Q

compression of the _______ reduces venous outflow

A

subtunical venules

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10
Q

What is the role of testosterone in sex-specific tissue after birth

A

promotes maturation of reproductive system at puberty

required for spermatogenesis

maintains reproductive tract throughout life

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11
Q

three main cavities of of the penis:

A

2 corpus cavernosa

1 corpus spongiosum

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12
Q

why do the testes need to be kept 1-2 C cooler than body temperature❄️❄️

A

prevents lysosomal destruction

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13
Q

What is a vasectomy reversal surgery called?

A

vasovasostomy

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14
Q

What is the process called by which mature sperm are extruded from Sertoli cells, into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermiation

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15
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Sperm production

A

all three!

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16
Q

GnRH acts on gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to release

A

FSH

LH

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17
Q

concurrent sympathetic inhibition and parasympathetic stimulation can create an erection in ____

A

as little as 5 seconds

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18
Q

signs of androgen deficiency (ADAM)

A 
⬇️bone formation
⬇️muscle
⬇️sex drive
⬇️body height
⬇️hematocrit
⬆️cardiovascular disease
⬇️facial hair

changes in mood and energy
changes in appetite

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19
Q

Since sperm cells aren’t mature enough and capable of movement while traveling to the epididymis storage site, how do they get there?

A

transferred under pressure and by smooth muscle contractions

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20
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Pubertal growth spurt

A

Testosterone

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21
Q

Developing sperm cells do not complete cytokinesis during meiosis, therefore the four daughter cells remain connected, forming a ___________

A

syncytium

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22
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

A

spermatogenesis: spermatogonia (diploid) —> spermatozoa (sperm)

spermiogenesis : packing and maturation of spermatozoa

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23
Q

Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol?

Differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

A

Testosterone

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25
Q

What are the two phases of ejaculation

A

Emission

Expulsion

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26
What hormone mediates the process of spermatogenesis?`
testosterone
27
Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral? fructose to nourish sperm
Seminal vesicle
28
Describe the sperm cells in the storage area of the epididymis
Not capable of movement require further maturation concentrated
29
Fluid from the bulbourethral glands account for ___% of ejaculate
10%
30
Stertoli cells secrete was 4 things
1. Antimüllerian hormone 2. Androgen binding protein 3. inhibin 4. Seminiferous tubule fluid
30
What provides nourishment to developing sperm
sertoli cells
31
Where is the site of spermatogenesis
seminiferous tubules
32
Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral? Clotting factors
Seminal vesicle
33
tonic sympathetic stimulation results in a
flaccid penis
34
What is the process of releasing permatozoa from sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules
spermiation
35
What allows XY sperm to transport necessary gene product to XX sperm
cytoplasmic bridges
35
What forms the blood-testes barrier
tight junctions between Sertoli cells
37
How long does Spermatogenesis take?
74 days
39
Fluid from the prostate accounts for ____% of ejaculate
20%
40
How does the head of the sperm change in spermiogenesis
elongates, most of cytoplasm is lost nucleus remodels- chromatin condensation lysosomes aggregate to form acrosome
41
Sertoli cells are stimulated by: (2 things)
testosterone | FSH
42
Where are gametes produced in males? | Where are gametes produced in females?
``` males = testes females = ovaries ``` PRIMARY REPODUCTIVE ORGANS
42
The final release of spermatids requires the breakdown of what
``` tight junctions (between sertoli cells) gap junctions (between sertoli cells and spermatocytes) ```
46
The testes have 2 compartments: And 3 cell types:
compartments = seminiferous tubules, connective tissue cells = germ, sertoli, leydig
47
Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol? Beard growth, sebum formation 🧔🏽
DHT
50
Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol? red blood cells
Testosterone
51
How does the secretion of prostaglandins into the ejaculate facilitate reproduction
stimulates motility of sperm to help transport within the male and the female
52
Scalp hair growth is attenuated by DHT and:
transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1)
53
The male erection is due to _____ and | NOT due to _______
due to vasocongestion of the penis with blood NOT due to skeletal muscle contraction 💪🏼
54
Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol? Differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate
DHT
55
What regulates LH and FSH by negative feedback
testosterone
56
Receptors where both testosterone and DHT can bind have a greater affinity for
DHT
57
why is secretion of LH and FSH low during prepubertal phase
hippocampal inhibition of GnRH
58
the average sperm count is ____ per mL of ejaculate
20-40 million
60
Three forms of male contraception
1. condoms 2. "withdrawal method" 3. vasectomy ✂️
61
Further maturation of the spermatids create :
spermatozoa
62
What is cut in a vasectomy
each vas deferens
63
Where are all the mitochondria in sperm cells
midpiece- to power the centriole
64
Beard growth is stimulated by synergism between 🧔🏽
DHT and IGF-1
65
Proper erectile function requires coordinated involvement of (3 things)
1. intact central and peripheral NS 2. Corpora cavernosa/ spongiosa 3. normal arterial blood supply/venous drainage
66
How long are the seminiferous tubules
250 m
67
How does testosterone circulate within the peripheral circulation?
bound to sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
68
ejaculation pathway:
vas deferens --> ampulla --> urethra --> out 💦💦
69
decreased production of testosterone and sperm later in life is called
senescence 👴🏽
71
What is the role of testosterone in reproduction-related effects (Sexy time)
increases sex drive controls secretion of gonadotropins
72
Temporal organization of the spermatogenic cycle for continuous production is called
the spermatogenic wave
73
How can testosterone be conventrated within the seminiferous tubules
by binding to androgen=binding protein (ABP) produced by Sertoli cells
74
What are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis
1. mitosis (proliferation) 2. meiosis (2 divisions) 3. Spermiogenesis (packaging)
76
erection is achieved by three things:
1. higher brain activity 🧠 2. mechanical stimulation of the glands (feedback to the sacral S2-S4 reaction generating center) 🍆 3. periodic parasympathetic impulses from sacral erection generating center (night boners) 😴
77
In the testes, seminiferous tubules make up ____% by weight and connective tissue makes up ____% by weight
seminiferous tubules = 80% connective tissue = 20%
78
Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral? Lubrication fluid
Bulbourethral glands
79
how many seminiferous tubules per testis?
500
80
Testoserone is converted to Estradiol (E2) by:
Aromatase
81
What absorbs excess cytoplasm and wastes from developing sperm
sertoli cells
81
How many mature sperm are produced daily
128 million
81
Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol? prostate growth
DHT
82
DHEA from the adrenal cortex is sufficient to stimulate
pubic and axial hair growth
83
What does a syncytium ensure?
that haploid cells that contain either an X or Y chromosome, have access to all the gene products available in a complete diploid genome
83
sperm storage area
epididymis
84
Parasympathetic release of NO vasodilates penis arterioles----> NO activates _______
guanylyl cyclase and the production of cGMP ----> lowering INTRACELLULAR Ca2+
85
Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol? Negative-feedback on anterior pituitary
Testosterone
86
FSH does what during spermatogenesis
sensitizes sertoli cells to testosterone | promotes inhibin and androgen binding protein secretion from Sertoli cells
88
What part of the sperm is in the head that is like a big packet of digestive enzymes that "eat" thru the egg to get in
acrosome
88
LH does what during spermatogenesis
stimulates cholesterol desmolase within Leydig cells to produce testosterone (rate limiting step)
89
Testosterone can be peripherally converted to _____ or _____ in target tissues
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) | Estradiol (E2)
90
What are 4 male secondary sexual characteristics
1. facial and body hair 2. larger muscle mass 3. masculine jaw 4. body height
92
what is in the wall of the scrotum that can act as a temperature sensor and can relax and contract muscles
rugae
94
luminal migration to ejaculatory ducts takes ~___ days
14
95
parasympathetic stimulation of an erection stimulates what two things to occur
vasodilate penile arterioles stimulates secretion of lubrication from bulbourethral glands
96
How many spermatogonia begin the spermatogenic cycle daily
2 million
96
What is the tole of testosterone in non-reproduction effects
increased protein anabolic effect (muscle mass) 💪🏼💪🏼💪🏼 promotes bone growth at puberty 🦴🦴🦴 closes epiphyseal plates may induce aggressive behavior 🤼‍♂️ male-specific brain delveopment (pre-optic area, hippocamous, amygdala)
99
What keeps the testes cool?
1. air around scrotum 2. rugae contraction/relaxation 3. countercurrent venous blood flow
99
what selectively regulates FSH
Inhibin
99
What type of patients do NOT go bald
castrated males eunuchoidal patients with androgen-insensitivity syndrome 5a-reductase deficiency
99
Hair follicle miniaturation occurs with ______ conversion of testosterone to DHT
5a-reductase
100
in the flaccid state, blood flow into penile tissue is limited by
contraction of helicine arteries and trabecular smooth muscle
101
What type of cells secrete testosterone in the testes
Leydig cells in the connective tissue
101
Sperm travels from the Sertoli cells and pass through the _________ on their way to final processing and storage in the epididymis
Rete testes
102
Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol? Cholesterol regulation in the liver
Testosterone
102
side effects of Propecia (finasteride)
ED loss of libido reduced ejaculate
103
What is the product of mitosis in spermatogenesis
two divisions create 4 diploid primary spermatocytes | double strands of DNA
104
Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol? male pattern baldness
DHT
104
Fluid from the seminal vesicles account for ___% of ejaculate
60%
104
Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral? Secretes an alkaline fluid to counter acidic vaginal environment and pH triggers clotting to keep sperm in vagina
Prostate
105
During embryonic development germ line cells help form the gonad and become ________________
Spermatogonia
105
What is the relationship between BPH and prostate cancer?
none
107
Testosterone, DHT, or Estradiol? Deepening of voice
Testosterone
108
What is the "motor" of the spermatozoa
centriole of the midpiece
109
what is the most widespread environmental factor producing low sperm counts
interference with ability of scrotum to cool the testes
109
What is the role of testosterone in secondary sexual characteristics
male-pattern hair growth deepening of voice promotes muscle growth and male adiposity
109
Filling of the urethra in ejaculation triggers
somatic nervous impulses with rhythmic activation of skeletal muscles at the base of the penis
111
Which gland, seminal vesicles, prostate, or bulbourethral? prostaglandins to stimulate male and female reproductive tract
Seminal vesicle

Phys 2 Exam 3 👉🏼👌🏼 (5 decks)

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