Leggo my Preggo Flashcards by Shelby SK

What can activate NF-kB other than pulmonary surfactant that could result in premature labor

bacterial infections
allergic reactions
multiple-fetus pregnancies

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minutes it takes the sperm to get to the:

vagina:
cervical canal:
uterus:
upper third oviduct:

vagina: 0
cervical canal: 1-3
uterus: 10-20
upper third oviduct: 30-60

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Three theories for labor induction role of high estrogen levels:

coordinated contraction - synthesis of connexons for gap junctions
increase oxytocin response - increase receptors
increase oxytocin response/contribute to cervical ripening = increase production of prostaglandins

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When does the positive feedback loop of parturition end

when delivery is complete

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What do pregnancy tests detect

hCG

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the acrosomal enzymes digest the

zona pellucida

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What is a pharmalogical synthetic form of oxytocin

Pitocin

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Estrogen or Progesterone?

Development of ductile system of breasts

estrogen

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What blocks the ovum from being fertilized by two sperm? (polyspermy)

sperm enters -> releases enzymes stored in granules in the ovum -> inactivates ZP3 proteins -> hardens glycoproteins on zona pellucida

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When is the placenta well established and functional

5 weeks after implantation

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When are hCG levels detectable in maternal serum?

8-11 days after conception ONLY after implantation

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(low/high) levels of CRH = late deliveries

low CRH

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What triggers the acrosome reaction

binding of sperm to ZP3 proteins on the zona pellucida

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A fertilized ovum becomes a ______ which is capable of implantation

blastocyst

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Four stages of Pregnancy:

initiation
gestation
parturition
lactation

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% of ejaculated sperm in the:

vagina:
cervical canal:
uterus:
upper third oviduct:

vagina: 100
cervical canal: 3
uterus: 0.1
upper third oviduct: 0.001

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What happens when the sperm reaches the ovum thru the zona pellucida

plasma membranes of the sperm and ovum fuse

mediated by binding of fertilin on sperm head to integrin receptor on ovums membrane

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levels of which hormone can be used as an index of fetal health

estrogen

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sperm capacitation process:

cholesterol withdrawal
surface proteins redistributed
calcium influx

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What is the chemoattractant for sperm to reach the egg in ampulla of oviduct

allurin

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What is the enzyme that is released from sperm that allows it to penetrate the zona pellucida

Acrosin

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What days of the cycle are the best for implantation? why?

20-24

progesterone levels are high

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What can inhibit FnRH release preventing ovulation right after delivery

Prolactin

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The fertilizing sperm penetrates the _______ via membrane-bound enzymes in the plasma membrane of its head and binds to _______

corona radiata

ZP3 proteins on the zona pellucida

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Why does the uterus respond to oxytocin more at labor induction

same amount of oxytocin in circulation increase concentration of myometrial oxytocin RECEPTORS

First the sperm goes through this layer: Then this layer: then this layer:

Corona radiata Zona pellucida Plasma membrane of ovum

Estrogen or Progesterone? formation of cervical plug

progesterone

Why does lactation not occur during pregnancy

inhibition from estrogen and progesterone Withdrawal of placental steroids at parturition initiates lactation

During gestation, estrogen is made by a coordinated effort between the:

placenta, fetal adrenals, and fetal liver

What inflammation factor is activated by uterine stretching and increased production of macrophages from increased pulmonary surfactant

nuclear factor (NF-kB)

What two hormones control Prolactin

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (stimulatory) dopamine (inhibitory)

During gestation, how is progesterone made?

the placenta can make it on its own | with cholesterol from the mother's diet

What "rescues" the corpus luteum

placental hCG

In lactating women, ovulation resumes in ____ weeks

27 weeks 7 months

What does nuclear factor (NF-kB) stimulate? | What does it promote?

stimulates IL-8 | promotes cervical softening

Estrogen or Progesterone? inhibition of lactose synthesis

progesterone | estrogen = lactation

Where is oxytocin produced and stored

hypothalamus posterior pituitary

When do hCG levels in materinal plasma peak

between 9-12 weeks gestation

Estrogen or Progesterone? Stimulates prolactin release by anterior pituitary

estrogen

What stimulates secretion (production) of more milk

prolactin (anterior pituitary)

Estrogen or Progesterone? Inhibition of myometrial contraction

progesterone

Estrogen or Progesterone? increased growth of myometrium- muscles for labor

estrogen

What stimulates the release of enzymes stored in the cortical granules of the ovum

sperm entering the ovum cytoplasm

Estrogen or Progesterone? development of alveolous and lobule in breast

progesterone

What is the site of fertilization

oviduct (upper third "ampulla")

Estrogen or Progesterone? Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from uterus

progesterone

Estrogen or Progesterone? Conversion of uterus to secretory gland readying it for implantation

progesterone

Fertilization must occur within ___ hours after ovulation

How does the female reproductive tract aid in sperm migration (aka sabatoge)

1. contractions in myometrium 2. upward contraction of oviduct smooth muscle 3. allurin released by mature eggs ("allure")

(low/high) levels of CRH = premature deliveries

high CRH

Estrogen or Progesterone? Inhibits lactation

estrogen | progesterone = lactose synthesis

What is produced by the corpus luteum and placenta that relaxes pelvic ligaments and softens the uterine cervix by loosening the connective tissue between pelvic bones

Relaxin

What happens once the placenta starts to decrete estrogen and progesterone?

hCG levels decine and the corpus luteum regresses

Estrogen or Progesterone? Relax and soften pelvic ligaments

estrogen

upon sperm entrance of the female reproductive tract, what is the first thing that happens to the sperm

capacitation "activation" - surface characteristics of the sperm are altered

In non-lacting women, ovulation resumes in ____ weeks postpartum

7-10

hCG has the same action of what other hormone

How long after the baby is born is the placenta delivered?

15 to 30 minutes

sperm motility in the cervical canal requires:

alkaline pH secretions from prostate gland

plasma membranes of the sperm and the ovum fusion is mediated by ____________ on sperm head to ____________ on ovum's membrane

binding of fertilin integrin receptor

What causes milk ejection

oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

When is labor initiated?

when the oxytocin receptor concentration reaches a critical threshold that permits the onset of strong, coordinated contractions in response to ordinary levels of circulating oxytocin

Leggo my Preggo Flashcards

(62 cards)