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REPRO > Female reproductive anatomy > Flashcards

Female reproductive anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the internal reproductive tract organs of the female?

A
  • Gonads
  • Uterine tube
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • Vestibule
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2
Q

What are the external reproductive tract organs in the female?

A
  • Vulva
  • Clitoris
  • Urethra
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3
Q

What is the germ cell producing organ?

A

Ovary

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4
Q

What are the conducing organs?

A
  • Those aiding furhter development of the gamete

- Uterine tube and uterus

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5
Q

What is the developmental organ?

A

Uterus

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6
Q

What are the copulatory organs?

A

Vagina and vestibule

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7
Q

What are the different strucures found within the ovary?

A
  • Follicle

- Corpus luterum

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8
Q

What is the function of the follicle?

A
  • Oocyte development

- Oestradiol secretion

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9
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A
  • Transient endocrine gland

- Progesterone secretion

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10
Q

Where are follicles usully located?

A

At the outer surface of the ovary

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions of the uterine tube?

A
  • Infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • Isthmus
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12
Q

What is the function of the infundibulum?

A

Captures oocyte following release from the follicle in the ovary

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the infundibulum

A
  • Covered with fimbriae

- Glides over surface of ovary, maximising chances of oocyte being caught

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14
Q

Describe the function of the ampulla

A

Where oocyte and sperm meet

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the ampulla

A
  • Thickening of the oviduct, follows infundibulum
  • Large diameter with many folds
  • Ciliated epithelium
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16
Q

Describe the structure of the isthmus

A
  • Thicker muscular wall than ampulla

- Fewer folds

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the oviduct as a whole

A
  • Convoluted as runs within mesosalpinx

- Mixture of ciliated and non-ciliated simple columnar epithlium

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18
Q

Compare the oviduct in the mare and bitch

A
  • Mare: undulating/wavy, ovarian bursa wide open

- Bitch: curves around ovary, bursa closed except small opening

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19
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine wall? (inner to outer)

A
  • Endometrium (submucosa and mucosa)
  • Myometrium (muscularis)
  • Serosa (perimetrium)
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20
Q

What are the different shapes of the uterus?

A
  • Duplex
  • Bicornuate
  • Simplex
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21
Q

Name the parts of the uterus

A
  • Cervical end
  • Uterine body
  • Uterine horns
  • Inter-cornual ligament
  • External uterine bifurcation
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22
Q

What is meant by a duplex uterus? Give an example of a species with this type of uterus.

A
  • 2 cervical canals, separate uterine horns

- Marsupials

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23
Q

Describe the bicornuate uterus

A
  • 2 uterine horns
  • Small uterine body
  • Length of horn depends on degree of fusion
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24
Q

Describe the simplex uterus

A
  • Single uterine body

- Remants of uterine horn

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25
Q

What feature of uterine feature do the sow and mare have in common?

A
  • Endometrial folds

- Contribute to maternal placenta in pregnancy

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26
Q

What uterine feature do the cow and ewe have in common?

A
  • Caruncles that protrode from endometrial surface

- Contribute to maternal placenta

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27
Q

Describe the uterus of the cow

A
  • Bicornuate
  • Uterine horns curved
  • Uterine body short
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28
Q

Describe the uterus of the sow

A
  • Uterine horns long coiled in caudal direction

- Small uterine body

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29
Q

Describe the ovaries and uterus of the mare

A
  • Ovaries are sub-lumbar and dorsal in position
  • Uterine horns are straight and uterine body is long
  • Characteristic T-shape
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30
Q

Describe the ovaries and uterus of the bitch

A
  • Ovaries sublumbar
  • Mesoveraium short, dorsal position
  • Uterine horns straight, longer and uterine body short
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31
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Narrowed end of the uterine body. Varying anatomy according to species.

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32
Q

What species have a single cervical ring?

A

Queen and bitch

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33
Q

What species have multiple cervical rings?

A
  • Cow
  • Ewe
  • Sow
  • Mare
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34
Q

Compare the patency of the rings in the cow, ewe, sow and mare

A
  • Interlocking folds: cow and ewe
  • Spiral interlocking folds: sow
  • Loosely apposed folds: mare
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35
Q

Describe the inerdigitation of cervix and penis in the sow

A
  • Corkscrew penis and cervix
  • Locked into cervix during intromision
  • Semen deposted into cervix bu quickly enters uterus
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36
Q

What changes occur in the cervix during pregnancy?

A
  • Progesterone leads to increased viscosity of the mcuus and temporarily glues folds together
  • Produced cervical seal of pregnancy
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37
Q

What are the histological subdivision of the vagina?

A
  • Cranial vagina
  • Caudal vagina
  • Vestibule
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38
Q

What is the fornix vagina?

A
  • Protrusion of cervix into the cranial vagina forming crypt or pocket
  • Found in cow, mare and bitch
  • Very secretory area
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39
Q

Describe the hormonal effects on the caudal vagina

A
  • Secretory activity and thickness varies with endocrine status
  • Oestrogen dominance = squamous epithelium thickens
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40
Q

What is the function of the squamous epithelium thickening?

A
  • Provides mecahnical protection of vagina during copulation

- Block to microorganisms getting into submucosa

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41
Q

What is the significance of the hormonal effects on the caudal vagina?

A

Can swab vagina and determine the stage of the cycle

42
Q

What is the function of the vestibule?

A

Joint uro-genital functions

43
Q

Describe the anatomy of the vestibule

A
  • External urethral orifice
  • Sub-urethral diverticulum in some species (sow and cow)
  • Lateral fossa in some species
44
Q

Describe the anatomy of the vulva

A
  • 2 labia - major and minor
  • Meet to form 2 commisures - dorsal and ventra
  • Clitoris under transverse frenulum
45
Q

Describe the anatomy of the clitoris

A
  • Under transverse frenulum
  • Clitoral fossa surrounding
  • Clitoral sinus in some species
46
Q

What is the importance of the clitoral fossa in the mare?

A

May harbour pathogenic bacteria

47
Q

What is the function of the ampulla-isthmus junction in the mare?

A

Acts as control point so only fertilised oocytes can pass through

48
Q

What is the function of the uterine tube as a whole?

A
  • Sperm transport and storage
  • Oocyte transport
  • Environment for fertilisation
  • Gamete transport
  • Uterine tube secretions provide environment for fertilisation
49
Q

What is the functino of the uterotubal junction in the cow?

A
  • Forms kink which blocks movement of embryos when oestradiol is present
  • When levels decline, kink straightens out
50
Q

What are the functions of the uterus?

A
  • PGF2a production to control cyclical activity (except bitch)
  • sperm transport/storage (and secretion)
  • Environment for early embryo
  • Contribution to placenta
  • Parturition
51
Q

What are the functions of the cervix?

A
  • Barrier to uterus during pregnancy and other stages except oestrus
  • Mucus during oestrus for mating
  • Mucus also for flushing of foreign materials
  • Barrier to sperm transport in cow, ewe and woman
  • Allows sperm transport in mare, sow and bitch
52
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A
  • Copulation
  • Parturition
  • Micturition
53
Q

Describe the anatomy of the bovine ovary

A
  • Follicles on whole surface

- CL up to 2cm

54
Q

Describe the anatomy of the equine ovary

A
  • Very large (8-10cm)
  • Ovulation fossa with germinal epithelium (cortex only in this area)
  • Thick vascular zone (normally medulla) is peripheral
  • Thick capsule over entire ovary except fossa
  • CL and follicles scatterd in central oart of ovary near ovulation fossa, enclosed in densely rich vascularised tissue
  • Large follicles and CLs do not form prominent surface elevations
55
Q

What kind of epithlium is present at the ovulation fossa?

A

Columnar

56
Q

What is contained in the broad ligament of the uterus?

A
  • Vascular supply
  • Lymphatic drainage
  • Nerves
57
Q

What are the components of the broad ligament?

A
  • Mesovarium
  • Mesosalpinx
  • Mesometrium
58
Q

Describe the formation of the broad ligament of the uterus

A
  • Reprotract develops in retroperitoneal position
  • Uterine horn and rectum push into abdominal cavity, eventually completely surrounded by layer of peritoneum
  • Portion of peritoneum fuses to form double layered connective tissue sheet that supports the ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix and anterior vagina = broad ligament
59
Q

What is supported by the broad ligament?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Oviduct
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Anterior vagina
60
Q

What is housed within the mesovarium?

A

Blood and lymphatic supply to ovary

61
Q

What is the function of the mesosalpinx?

A
  • Supports oviducts and serves as bursa like pouch around ovary
  • Complete sac called bursa in bitch
  • Can be very small e.g. mare and human
62
Q

What is the function of the mesometrium?

A

Supports the uterine horns and body of uterus

63
Q

Where does the round ligament of the uterus run?

A

Caudally from tip of uterine horn to inguinal canal

- In the bitch runs through the inguinal canal

64
Q

What is the round ligament the female equivalent of in the male?

A

The gubernaculum

65
Q

Describe the round ligament of the uterus

A
  • 2 “ropes” of connective tissue
  • From top of uterine horn to front side of abdominal wall
  • Through inguinal canal
  • Blends into fatty connective tissue of the labia majora
66
Q

Name the ligaments of the uterus and ovaries

A
  • Broad ligament (mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium)
  • Suspensory ligament
  • Proper ligament
  • Round ligament
67
Q

What is the vascular supply to the ovaries?

A

Ovarian artery

68
Q

Describe the origin of the vascular supply to the ovaries

A
  • Directly from aorta
  • Uterine branch supplies tip of uterine horn
  • Anastomoses witin uterine artery in broad ligament
69
Q

what is the importance of the intertwining of the ovarien vein and artery in some domestic species?

A
  • PGF2a from ovarian vein to ovarian artery
  • Counter current exchange system
  • Needed as PGF2a is metabolised easily (except in mare, hence no intertwining in mare)
70
Q

Describe the utero-ovarian countercurrent transport system

A
  • PGF2a secreted from endometrium
  • Passes into ovarian vein
  • PGF2a from ovarian vein to ovarian artery
  • High concentrations of PGF2a delivered to ovary (luteolysis)
71
Q

What is the origin of the vascular supply to the uterus?

A

Branches of internal iliac artery

72
Q

What is the vascular supply to the uterus?

A

Uterine artery and vaginal artery

73
Q

Describe the uterine artery

A
  • Runs within broad ligament
  • Can be palpated against shaft of ilium
  • Not present in dogs and cats
74
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the uterus

A
  • Mirror arteries but not in function
  • Ovarian vein longer than uterine, drains most of uterus and ovary
  • Close apposition to uterine
75
Q

Describe the innervation of the uterus

A
  • Autonomic
  • Ovaries sympathetic from mesenteric plexus
  • Uterus, cervix and vagina parasympathetic
  • Sympathetic from pevic plexus
76
Q

What structure of the female reproductive tract are derived from the paramesonephric tube?

A
  • Uterine tube

- Uterus

77
Q

What structures of the female reproductive tract are derived from the urogenital sinus?

A
  • Vagina
  • Vestibule
  • Vulva
  • Clitoris
78
Q

What determines the type of uterus found in different species?

A

The degree of fusion of the paramesonephric ducts at the caudal end

79
Q

How is the cervix formed?

A

Fusion of caudal end of paramesonephric ducts and cranial end of the developing vagina

80
Q

What are the histological layers of the female reproductive tract? (moving outwards from middle)

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis (circular and longitudinal layers)
  • Serosa
81
Q

What is the function of the muscularis in the female reproductive tract?

A
  • Enables contractility
  • Important in female tract for movement of sperm or oocyte
  • Parturition
82
Q

Describe the structure and function of the submucosa in the female reproductive tract

A
  • Varies in thickness depending on part of tract
  • Type of mucosa also varies
  • Houses blood supply and lymphatics
83
Q

Describe the structure and function of the mucosa in the female reproductive tract

A
  • Different type of mucosa in each part of tract

- Supported by submucosal blood vessels and lymphatics

84
Q

What is the function of the serosa of the reproductive tract?

A

Connective tissue covering the tract

85
Q

What is the outer layer of the uterus? Describe its appearance

A

Perimetrium, thin and transparent

86
Q

Describe the myometrium of the uterus

A
  • Muscle layer
  • Smooth circular surrounds horns
  • Provides motility
  • Oestrogen leads to high tone, transport of sperm adn mucous material
  • Parturition
87
Q

What structures make up the endometrium?

A

Mucosa and submucosa

88
Q

Describe the structure and function of the uterine glands

A
  • Developfrom mucosa
  • Penetrate submucosa
  • become coiled with increased oestradiol
  • Secrete materials that support development of pre-implantation embryo
89
Q

When is secretion from the uterine glands maximal?

A
  • When progesterone is released from the CL

- But glands form under influence of oestrogen

90
Q

Describe the histology of the cervix

A
  • Epithelium is columnar
  • Some cells ciliated
  • Many crypts and glands
91
Q

Outline the histology of the cranial vagina

A
  • Epithelium originates from vaginal plate

- Secretory in many species

92
Q

What is the vaginal plate?

A

The thickened end of utero-vaginal canal and urogenital sinus

93
Q

Outline the histology of the caudal vagina

A
  • Between cranial vagina and urethral orifice
  • Final epithelium derived from migrating cells from the vestibular region
  • Stratified squamous in many species
94
Q

Outline the histology and origin of the vestibule

A
  • Between urethral orifice and vulva
  • Stratified squamous in all species
  • Derived from urogenital sinus
95
Q

Where does the proper ligament of the ovary run?

A

Caudal ovarian pole to tip of uterine horn

96
Q

Where does the suspensory ligament of the ovary run?

A

from dorsal body wall to the cranial ovarian pole

97
Q

Outline the appearance of a good quality oocyte

A
  • Compact cumulus
  • Homogenous ooplasm
  • Multiple layers of cumulus cells (>3)
98
Q

Describe the appearance of a poor quality oocyte

A
  • Expanded cumulus
  • Granular cytoplasm
  • Partially denuded oocytes
  • Heterogenous appearance of ooplasm
99
Q

Describe the reproductive anatomy of the female rabbit

A
  • Ovaries very small
  • No ovarian bursa
  • Large aount of fat associated with entire female repro tract
  • Broad ligament short and vessels friable
  • Prone to forming adhesions
  • Duplex cervix, no body, only horns
100
Q

What is palpable in rectal palpation of the mare and cow?

A
  • Vagina, cervix
  • Uterus (bifurcation and horsn)
  • Ovaries

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