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REPRO > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe pseudopregnancy in the goat

A
  • Common
  • Not always associated with pregnancy loss
  • Where no pregnancy loss, due to end of cyclical ovarian activity (with no hydrometra), treatment with PGF2a
  • Where associated with pregnancy lost, early embryonic death with persistent CL, wait for CL regression
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2
Q

Describe pseudopregnancy in the bitch

A
  • 100%
  • Not associated with pregnancy loss
  • Due to prolonged luteal phase and prolactin production meaning pregnant and non-pregnant hormone profiles very similar
  • Treatment usually uncessary, may spay or give prolactin-inhibitor
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3
Q

Describe pseudopregnancy in the mare

A
  • 20% of mares
  • Can be due to early embryonic death after endometrial cup formation (15 days), just have to wait
  • Or mare that was bred, prolonged luteal phase with no conceptus but assume there was an embryo that was lost, treat with PGF2a
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4
Q

Describe pseudopregnancy in the queen

A
  • 20% of queens
  • Not associated with pregnancy loss
  • Spontaneous ovulation without fertilisation
  • No treatment required
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5
Q

Descibe pseudopregnancy in the sow

A
  • Variable, mainly associated with infectious disease
  • May or may not be associated with pregnancy loss
  • No loss: failure of CL regression e.g. endometritis, inflammation preventing pulses of PGF2a, treat with exogenous PGF2a
  • Or loss of pregnancy around day 20 with persistent CL
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6
Q

How is progesterone production maintained in the non-pregnant bitch during the luteal phase?

A
  • Fall in progesterone (as CL runs out of steam) leads to increased prolactin
  • Prolactin leads to increased progesterone
  • Luteal phase in non-pregnant longer than in pregnant by 5 days
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7
Q

How can oestrus behaviour be induced in the bitch?

A
  • PGF2a administration

- Administration then removal of progesterone

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8
Q

Explain how PGF2a can be used in the bitch to stimulate oestrus behaviour

A
  • PGF2a stmiulates luteolysis
  • Reduction in progesterone
  • Drop in progesterone stimulates oestrus behaviour and ovulation
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9
Q

Explain how administration then removal of PGF2a can be used in the bitch to stimulate oestrus behaviour

A
  • Drop stimualtes expression of oxytocin receptors
  • Stimulation of PGF2a (oxytocin from CL) which will lyse the CL
  • Fall in progesterone allows oestrus behaviour and stimulates ovulation
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10
Q

When does maternal recognition of pregnancy occur?

A

Before luteolysis, as need CL to produce progesterone to maintain pregnancy

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11
Q

Give the embryonic signals for pregnancy recognition in

a. ruminants
b. sow
c. mare
d. bitch and queen
e. women

A

a. Interferon tau
b. Oestradiol
c. 3, 3 proteins/oestradiol/migration of conceptus
d. non
e. hCG

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12
Q

Describe the general progesterone profile in pregnancy

A
  • Different depending on species
  • In most remains high during pregnancy
  • Higher in earlier months if no luteopacental shift
  • Where there is shift, may increase again near end of gestation
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13
Q

Describe the general oestrogen profile in pregnancy

A
  • Peak of oestrogens at oestrus/ovulation
  • In horses have additional peak mid-pregnancy
  • Peak near parturition
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14
Q

Describe the hormone profile in the pregnant mare

A
  • Progesterone high throughout
  • Peak of oestrogen in mid-gestation
  • Peak of eCG at start of gestation
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15
Q

Describe the hormone profile of the pregnant cow

A
  • Oestrogen low, then increase in preparation for parturition
  • Progesterone produced by CL and uterus
  • Prolactin peaks at parturition
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16
Q

Describe the hormone profile of the pregnant ewe

A
  • Oestrogen low then increase in prep for parturition

- Progesterone increases in later gestation due to luteoplacental shift

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17
Q

Describe the hormone profile fo the pregnant bitch

A
  • Progesterone increasing before ovulation in metoestrus
  • Maintain increase before declining gradually
  • At parturition, sharp fall in progesterone caused by PGF2a
  • Elevated prolactin maintains progesterone
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18
Q

Describe the pregnancy endocrinology of the queen

A
  • Progesterone: rapid rise, divergent from non-pregnant at 21 days, placenta takes over, rapid fall prior to parturition
  • No luteoplacental shift
  • Placenta producing prolactin which maintains progesterone
  • Relaxin also from placenta
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19
Q

How is progesterone maintained in the pregnant animal?

A
  • Maternal recognition of pregnancy inhibits luteolysis.
  • Luteoplacental shift may also take place
  • LH stimulates production of progesterone
  • Cl stimulates to produce progesterone by prolactin
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20
Q

What stimulates production of relaxin?

A

PGF2a, at parturition

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21
Q

Where is eCG produced?

A

By the endometrial cups

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22
Q

What stimulates and inhibits prolactin production?

A
  • Inhibited by dopamine

- Stimulated by oestradiol

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23
Q

What are the functions of the placentally produced hormones?

A
  • Stimulate ovarian/uterine function
  • Maintain pregnancy
  • Modulate foetal growth
  • Stimulate mammary funtion
  • Assist in parturition
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24
Q

List the hormones produced by the placenta

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone in some species
  • Prolactin
  • Placenta lactogen
  • hCG/eCG
  • Relaxin
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25
Q

List the function of progestagens produced by the placenta

A
  • Essential for pregnancy
  • Stimulate production of histotroph and uterine milk proteins
  • Suppress myometrial contractions
  • Stimulates mammary gland development
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26
Q

Describe the oestrogens produced by the placenta

A
  • Distinct oestrogens per species
  • Oestriol: women
  • Oestrone: ruminants
  • Equine specific oestrogens
  • Produced by foetal cotyledons
27
Q

List the functions of the oestrogens produced by the placenta

A
  • Stimulate mammary development
  • Stimulate placental growth
  • Increase uterine blood flow
  • Stimulate myometrial growth
28
Q

Where is relaxin produced?

A
  • CL in sow

- Placenta in rabbit, mare, dog

29
Q

List the functions of relaxin

A
  • Softens connective tissue enabling growth of foetus
  • Relaxation of pelvic ligaments
  • Parturition
  • Can be used for pregnancy diagnosis in dogs
30
Q

Why can relaxin be used for pregnancy diagnosis in bitches?

A

Is only produced by the placenta, so if relaxin is present must mean that there is pregnancy

31
Q

Explain the function of eCG

A
  • FSH and LH like activity - leads to formation of an accessory CL
  • Increases progesterone
  • Stimulate primary CL to produce progesterone, as a result eCG will increase to produce more progesterone and formation of accessory CL
  • Maintains the progesterone for a period of time
32
Q

Why is there a temporary decrease in blood progesterone in the middle of gestation n the mare?

A
  • Progestagens have local actions

- No decrease in production, but a decrease in the amount reaching the systemic circulation

33
Q

Describe the unique progestagens and oestrogens in the mare

A
  • Main progestagen is 5-alpha pregnane
  • Unique oestrogens: foetal androgens converted by placenta
  • Rise in mid-gestation and have typical action on pregnancy and mammary gland development
34
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Lactotrophs in anterior pituitary

35
Q

Describe the actions of prolactin

A
  • Induces lobuloalveolar growth in mammary gland and lactogenesos
  • In CL (rodents, dogs) stimulates progesterone
  • Stimulates maternal behaviour
36
Q

Where is placental lactogen produced?

A

Binucleate cells in placenta, released into foetal and maternal circulation

37
Q

Describe the action of placental lactogen

A
  • Binds to prolactin receptors
  • Modulates foetal metabolism
  • Mammary gland development
  • Can stimulate lactogenesis
38
Q

Describe pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) and pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG) in ruminants

A
  • Produced by binucleate cells
  • Long half life
  • Only produced by placenta
  • Detected around 6-8 weeks of pregnancy onwards
  • Last a long time in circulation so can give false positives in case of pregnancy loss
39
Q

In what species does the luteoplacental shift take place?

A
  • Cow
  • Ewe
  • Mare
  • Women
40
Q

Compare the gestation length in species where there is no placental shift to those where there is a shift

A

No shift usually shorter gestation

41
Q

Give the gestation length of camelids

A

11-12 months

42
Q

Give the gestation length of the bitch

A

2 months/65 days

43
Q

Give the gestation lenght of cows

A

9 months

44
Q

Give the gestation length of ewes

A

5 months

45
Q

Give the gestation lenght of mares

A

11 months

46
Q

Give the gestation length of queen

A

2 months/65 days

47
Q

Give the gestation lengthof rabbits

A

1 month

48
Q

Give the gestation length in sows

A

3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days (3.8 months)

49
Q

Give examples of when pregnancy termination may be desirable

A
  • Unintended mating
  • Risk to dam’s health
  • Owner does not want pregnancy to continue
  • Twinning in mare
  • Induction of premature parturition
50
Q

List the key agents for pregnancy termination

A
  • PGF2a or analogue
  • Corticosteroids
  • Oestradiol
  • Dopamine antagonists
  • Progesterone receptor antagonists
51
Q

What agents can be used for induction of premature parturition?

A
  • Oxytocin

- PGF2a

52
Q

Describe the use of PGF2a in pregnancy termination

A
  • Only where luteoplacental shift has not taken place
  • Luteolytic
  • Decline in progesterone
  • Effective throughout pregnancy in sow, bitch, cat and goat (multiple doses in dogs)
  • Effective up to 150 days in cows, up to 45 days in ewes, up to 35 days in mares
53
Q

Describe the use of oestradiol in pregnancy termination in the bitch

A
  • Prevents zygote transport to uterus

- No longer licenced

54
Q

Describe the use of oestradiol in pregnancy termination in ruminants

A
  • Luteolytic
  • Effective in large doseases after 100 days
  • No longer licenced
55
Q

Describe the use of anti-progesterones in pregnancy termination in the bitch

A
  • Progesterone required for maintenance of pregnancy

- Aglepristone is an example

56
Q

Describe pregnancy termination using dopamine agonists

A
  • Dogs, cats
  • Inhibits prolactin secretion
  • Is luteotrophic and stimulates lactogenesis
  • Can be used to treat false pregnancies as dopamine agonists prevent secretion of prolactin
57
Q

Describe pregnancy termination using corticosteroids

A
  • Mimics foetal signal for parturition
  • Induces myometrial contractions
  • Expulsion of foetus
  • Abortive agent (in combination with PGF)
  • Induce (early) parturition
58
Q

Describe the tone of the cervix and uterus at oestrus in the cow

A
  • Cervix tense and narrow

- Uterus oedematous, filled with fluid, increased tone

59
Q

Describe the effect of progesterone on cervical and uterine tone in the cow

A
  • Cervix softened

- Uterus flaccid

60
Q

Describe the tone of the cervix and uterus at oestrus in the mare

A
  • Cervix broad and soft

- Uterus soft and oedematus

61
Q

Describe the effect of progesterone on cervical and uterine tone in the mare

A
  • Cervix hard and narrow

- Uterus small with increased tone (to aid migration of conceptus)

62
Q

What may cause pregnancy loss in the ewe?

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Chlamydia
  • Campylobacter
  • Stress
  • Poor nutrition
  • Ingestion of toxic plants
  • Weather
  • Salmonella
  • Listeria
  • Schmallenberg
63
Q

What steps should be taken following an abortion storm?

A
  • Remove placenta and dead lambs
  • Isolate ewes
  • No cross-fostering
  • Treat/cull affected ewe/lamb

REPRO (30 decks)

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