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REPRO > Uterine involution and return to cyclicity > Flashcards

Uterine involution and return to cyclicity Flashcards

1
Q

What has to happen in the post-partum period (puerperium)

A
  • Uterine involution
  • Elimination of bacterial contamination
  • Resumption of ovarian function
  • Lactation/suckling
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2
Q

Outline the features of uterine involution

A
  • Reduction in uterine size
  • Coordinated atrophy
  • Endometrial repair
  • Expulsion of lochia
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3
Q

Describe the bovine reproductive tract day 1 post partum

A
  • Brown mucus from cervical plug
  • Ovary still present (was present throughout pregnancy)
  • Will lyse after parturition
  • Uterus too big to palpate at this stage
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4
Q

Describe the bovine reproductive tract day 4 post-partum

A
  • Cervix starting to close off
  • Some reduction in size
  • Lochia is normal fluid (bloody discharge in conjunction with foetal fluids)
  • Discharged via the vagina then the vulva
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5
Q

Describe the bovine reproductive tract day 10 post partum

A
  • Haemorrhaging of vagina greatly reduced
  • Cervix much smaller
  • Uterus much smaller
  • CLs of pregnancy mostly gone
  • Antral follicles starting to appear (starting to return to cyclicity)
  • Gravid and non-gravid horn return to oestrus at different rates, non-gravid first
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6
Q

Describe the bovine reproductive tract day 20 post partum

A
  • Similar to non-pregnant
  • Cervix and vagina repaired
  • CL disappeared
  • Lots of ovarian activity
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7
Q

Describe the myometrial contractions in the uterine involution mechanism

A
  • Peristaltic waves towards cervix
  • Discharge of fluid/debris
  • Compress vasculature preventing further bleeding
  • Stimulated by oxytocin and PGF2a
  • Stimulated by suckling
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8
Q

Outline the coordinated atrophy involved in the uterine involution mechanism

A

Reduction in myometrial cell size

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9
Q

Describe the lochia in the cow

A
  • Second cleansing
  • Blood tinged
  • Remnants of foetal placena and endometrial tissue
  • Odourless
  • Forms as a result of caruncular sloughing between day 5-10, leaves stubs
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10
Q

Describe endometrial repair

A
  • Restoration of caruncle
  • Sloughing of cotyledon
  • Necrosis
  • Tissue remodeling
  • Intercaruncular endometrium thins during pregnancy
  • Early necrosis and destruction of epithelial lining of caruncles
  • Top surface sloughs away
  • Vascular stubs left, repaired and reorganised - get smaller
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11
Q

Describe uterine involution in teh mare

A
  • Extremely rapid
  • Little endometrial disruption
  • Post-partum infection normal and frequent and eliminated by foal heat
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12
Q

Explain why there is little endometrial disruption in the mare

A
  • Diffuse placenta
  • Contents of lumen of endometrial glands reabsorbed
  • Autolysis and shrinkage of the maternal crypts
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13
Q

Describe uterine involution in the bitch

A
  • Restored to size by 4 weeks
  • 2 lochia
  • First is immediate, second 4-6 weeks later (has normal appearance)
  • Endometrial repair slow (3 months)
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14
Q

Describe the first lochia in the bitch

A
  • Immediate
  • Green
  • Caused by uteroverdin
  • Only green immediately post-partum
  • D1-2 PP red and water, then mucoid appearance
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15
Q

Describe week 1 of endometrial repair in the bitch

A
  • Eosinophilic necrotic layer over placental sites

- Few decidual like cells

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16
Q

Describe week 2 of endometrial repair in the bitch

A
  • Collagen fibre proliferation
  • Mononuclear cell infiltration
  • Glands start to dilate, any mass within glands get infiltration and proliferation to make collagen masses
17
Q

Describe week 3 and 4 of endometrial repair in the bitch

A
  • Increased collagen lining
  • Irregular lobulated masses
  • Dilated endometrial glands
  • Absence of decidua cells
  • Myometrium starting to repair self
18
Q

Describe weeks 5-7 of endometrial repair in the bitch

A
  • Sloughing of collagen mass (second lochia)
  • Once removed, endometrium has new epithelial lining and is repaired
  • Mononuclear cell infiltration
  • Glands return to normal size
  • Whole process can take 3 months to completion
19
Q

Describe weeks 8-12 of endometrial repair in the bitch

A
  • Sloughing
  • Replacement of endometrial lining
  • Complete at week 13
20
Q

Why does bacterial contamination of the uterus occur at parturition?

A
  • Cervix dilated

- Non-sterile

21
Q

What infections are normal in the mare following parturition?

A
  • Coliforms and Streptococci

- Eliminated by foal heat

22
Q

Describe elimination of uterine bacterial contamination following parturition in teh cow and mare

A
  • Increased by myometrial contractions

- Phagocytosis by leukcytes, promoted by oestradiol

23
Q

What may predispose the uterus to bacterial contamination in relation to parturition?

A
  • Retained foetal membranes
  • Prolonged uterine involution period
  • Weak uterine contractions
24
Q

What are the effects of excessive uterine bacterial contamination following parturition?

A
  • Metritis/endometritis
  • Prolonged uterine involution period
  • Delayed return to cyclicity and thus delayed establishment of pregnancy
25
Q

Describe endometritis (whites)

A
  • Persistent infection (>3 weeks)
  • Attentuated uterine defence mechanism
  • Deviatlised tissue e.g. retained foetal membranes
  • Inflammation of endometrium
  • Opportunistic pathogens e.g. Trueperella pyogenes
  • High incidence
  • Significant cause of infertility
  • White mucoid discharge with odour
26
Q

Outline treatments for endometritis (whites)

A
  • Cleansing
  • Antibiotics
  • Oxytocin or PGs to stimulate contraction and elimination of infection
27
Q

Describe the hormonal changes that occur to resume cyclicity

A
  • P4 falls
  • E2 falls after parturition
  • Release of GnRH (no suppression from P4)
  • Early stages pit not responsive to GnRH
  • Release of LH and FSH (FSH first)
  • Aids development of follicles
  • Follicular wave recruited
  • E2 increases as follicle grows
  • LH increases and becomes dominant
  • Dominant follicle producing E2 and inhibin
  • E2 stimulates at threshold LH surge and thus ovulation
  • CL present and P4 increases
  • Cyclicity has resumed
28
Q

Describe the nature of the first cycle/heat

A
  • In most species is short and silent

- Mare is exception to this

29
Q

List factos that may delay ovarian rebound

A
  • Periparturient abnormalities
  • Milk yield (greater NEB, lower IGF1 impact on ovary development)
  • Nutrition (BCS, NEB, IGFs)
  • Parity
  • Suckling
  • Season
  • Climate

REPRO (30 decks)

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