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REPRO > Pregnancy diagnosis > Flashcards

Pregnancy diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

Why is early pregnancy diagnosis important?

A
  • Can identify problems in male and female fertility early
  • Assist with production system e.g. rebred/cull, management changes such as feeding
  • Satisfaction for breeder/keeper
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2
Q

What, other than pregnancy, may cause to a non-return to oestrus?

A
  • Mis-timing of observations
  • pathological conditions e.g. persistent CL, luteal cysts
  • Short oestrus intervals
  • Pregnancy loss after maternal recognition of pregnancy
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3
Q

How does pregnancy loss after maternal recognition of pregnancy lead to non-return to cyclicity?

A
  • Luteolysis prevented
  • No second luteolysis window/luteo-placental shift of progesterone production has occured
  • Progesterone will remain elevated
  • Often lasts longer than normal pregnancy as there is no stimulation of post-parturient lutolysis
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4
Q

Give some diferences in pseudopregnancies in different species

A
  • Can be normal after every luteal phase )e.g. itch)
  • Induced ovulators may occur in non-pregnant luteal phase (sterile mating)
  • In some only after pregnancy lost (e.g. mare)
  • In some spontaneously or following pregnancy loss
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5
Q

Describe pregnancy loss in the mare between days 1 and 5

A
  • Lost while still in oviduct

- Returns to normal oestrus cycle as thorugh never pregnant

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6
Q

Describe pregnancy loss in mare between days 5 and 15

A
  • No MRP

- Normal oestrus cycle resumes unless associated with uterine inflammation or short cycle

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7
Q

Describe type I pseudopregnancy in the mare

A
  • Between days 15 and 36
  • Maternal recognition has occured
  • No return to oestrus
  • Primary CL will persist for normal lifespan
  • CL lysed by administration of prostaglandin (before luteo-placental shift)
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8
Q

Describe type II pseudopregnancy in the mare

A
  • Failure between days 36 and 140
  • Endometrial cups formed, producing eCG, maintains secondary CL
  • No return to oestrus
  • Secondary CLs persist nfor normal lifespan (~150 days)
  • CL not lysed by administration of PG
  • Mare pseudopregnant until cups naturally regress
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9
Q

What features of pregnancy can be used for pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • Protein/endocrinological changes in urine/blood
  • Foetus or foetal membranes directly or indirectly
  • Physical changes in dam associated with accomodation of foetus
  • Maternal changes secondary to endocrinological changes
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10
Q

What techniques can be used to identify foetus or foetal membranes directly or indirectly?

A
  • Ultrasound examination
  • Rectal palpation
  • Abdominal palpation
  • Radiographic examination
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11
Q

What are some physical change in the dam associated with accomodation of a foetus that can be used for pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • Increased uterine size or uterine artery (fremitus)
  • Increased appetite
  • Weight gain
  • Abdominal enlargement
  • Relaxation of perineal tissue
  • Auscultation of foetal heart beats
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12
Q

Describe maternal changes that occur secondary to endocrinological changes that can be used for pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • Absence of oestrus
  • Change in cervical mucus (elevated progesterone becomes dry and tacky)
  • Vaginal wall thinning
  • Teat and mammary gland enlargement
  • Secretion of milk in late pregnancy
  • Waxing up in mare in late pregnancy
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13
Q

How can abdominal palpation be used for pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • Detectio of enlargment of uterus
  • Ballotment of foetus
  • Abdominal distension
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14
Q

Describe the use of radiographic examination in pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • Detection of uterine enlargment
  • Mineralisation of foetal skeleton
  • Can be done later in pregnancy
  • Useful if obese as ultrasound can be difficult if transabdominal scanning
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15
Q

What can be used for early pregnancy diagnosis in the cow?

A
  • Early conception factor
  • Transrectal ultrasound for conceptus
  • Failure to return to oestrus
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16
Q

What is most commonly used for pregnancy diagnosis in the cow?

A
  • Transrectal ultrasound
  • Transrectal palpation
  • Transrectal detection of foetal membrane (membrane slip)
  • Transrectal ballotment of foetus
  • Transrectal palpationof caruncles/cotyledons
  • Transrectal uterine artery fremitus
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17
Q

What can be used later in pregnancy for diagnosis in the cow?

A
  • Oestrone sulphate in milk

- Transrectal palpation of foetus

18
Q

What is commonly used for early pregnancy diagnosis in ewes?

A
  • Failure to be raddled (i.e. non-return to oestrus, high fertility so good indicator of pregnancy)
  • Transabdominal ultrasound
19
Q

What other methods can be used for pregnancy diagnosis later inpregnancy in ewes?

A
  • Foetal pulse detector with doppler ultrasound
  • Palpation of caudal uterine artery
  • Detection of pregnancy cergical mucus
  • Enlargement of abdomen and udder
  • Transabdominal ballotment of foetus
20
Q

What method is most commonly used for pregnancy diagnosis in the sow?

A

Transabdominal B-mode utrasound at day 20 (fluid filled uterine horn, detection of embryo later)

21
Q

What method is most commonly used for pregnancy diagnosis in the mare?

A 
Transrectal ultrasound (day 12-15) 
- Detection of migrating conceptuses and to ensure single pregnancy
22
Q

How is pregnancy diagnosis confirmed later in the mare?

A
  • Transrectal palpation (day 21)
  • Plasma eCG (day 60-120)
  • Transrectal foetal ballottement (day 80)
23
Q

What methods are most commonly used for pregnancy detection in the bitch?

A
  • Transabdominal ultrasound

- Plasma relaxin (only produced by placenta)

24
Q

What methods can be used for confirmation of pregnancy diagnosis in teh bitch?

A
  • Plasma acute phase proteins
  • Abdominal palpation for discrete swellings
  • Radiographic examination
  • Transabdominal foetal ballottement
25
Q

What methods can be used for pregnancy diagnosis in the queen?

A
  • Transabdominal ultrasound and plasma relaxins from day 25
  • Abdominal palpation for discrete swellings from day 28
  • Radiographic examination from day 45
  • Transabdominal foetal ballottment from day 50
26
Q

Give examples of protein/endocrinological changes associated with pregnancy in the urine/blood

A
  • No decline in progesterone

- Species-specific pregnancy specific factors e.g. hCG, PAG, placetnal oestrogens, relaxin

27
Q

Outline early conception factor detection in pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • Produced within 48 hours of conception, immunosuppressive
  • Dipstick of serum/milk
  • Cattle and horse
  • Low accuracy
  • Indicates conception rathre than pregnancy establishment
  • High incidence of embryo mortality
28
Q

Outline a non-decline in progesterone in pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • Elevated progesteorne in blood/milk approx 22 days from mating
  • Can be false positives (persistent CL)
  • False negatives possible
  • Non-return to oestrus also means no decline in progesterone
  • Repeat sample to confirm result
29
Q

Outline the use of maternal recognition of pregnancy factors in pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • Specieis for species
  • Most cannot be detected
  • Either unknown or do not enter circulation so cannot be measured in blood
  • hCH can be measured in urine
  • eCG can be measured from day 35 onwards
30
Q

Outline the use of foeto-placental oestrogens in pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • Produces progesterone and oestrogens
  • Oestrogen found from mid-pregnancy onwards in plasma and urine (later detection)
  • Higher oestrogen in mid pregnancy than in oestrus
  • No false positives
  • Prengnacy specific oestrogens measured e.g. oestrone sulfate in cow
31
Q

Outline the use of relaxin in pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • Produced by CL in some species
  • Produced in placenta (e.g. bitch/mare)
  • Used for PD in bitch as only produced by placenta so definitive for pregnancy
32
Q

Outline the use of palcental lactogens in pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • e.g. PAG (pregnancy associated glycoprotein)
  • Produced by placenta in several species
  • Luteotrophic
  • Commercial tests available
33
Q

What ultrasound types can be used for pregnancy diagnosis

A
  • Simple doppler transabdominally

- B-mode real time (transrectal or transabdominal)

34
Q

Describe the transducer postioning for transabdominal ultrasound

A

Just behind udder, pointing back towards pelvis

35
Q

Describe the appearance of the early conceptus

A
  • Anechoic (fluid-filled) structure

- Represents yolk sac

36
Q

Explain the significance of the migration of the equine conceptus in pregnancy detection via ultrasound

A
  • Careful examination to ensure detection of twins if present
  • Early detection important
  • Need to scan whole uterus, may be on opposite side to CL
37
Q

What may be seen later on ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • Flickering heartbeat of embryo

- Foetal structure i.e. ribs, head, abdomen, spine

38
Q

What maternal features can be identified on ultrasound that may aid pregnancy diagnosis?

A

CL - no CL means pregnancy is impossible to have occured

39
Q

What is detected in rectal palpation for pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • Uterine enlargement (usually one horn will enlarge where pregnancy forms)
  • May be both horns if twins
  • Foetal membranes detected
  • Foetus itself
  • CL in ovary
40
Q

What may also cause uterine enlargment other that prengnacy?

A
  • Pyometra

- Endometritis

41
Q

How are foetal membranes detected on rectal palpation

A
  • Membrane slip
  • Can feel membranes move over each other
  • Roll fingers over endometrium and feel for foetal membranes slipping past
42
Q

Describe transrectal ballottement of the foetus

A
  • Easier in mid pregnancy

- Later starts to move further into abdomen

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