Female reproductive anatomy Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What is the only true organ or female reproduction?
A
Ovary
2
Q
What things make up the female reproductive tract?
A
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Perineal muscles Bartholin's glands Clitoris Labia
3
Q
What parts of the reproductive tract are found in the pelvic cavity?
A
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Superior part of vagina
4
Q
What parts of the reproductive tract are found in the perineum?
A
Inferior part of vagina Perineal muscles Bartholin's glands Clitoris Labia
5
Q
Where is the uterus etc located in relation to other organs?
A
Between bladder (anterior) and rectum (posterior) Under peritoneum
6
Q
What two pouches are formed between subperitoneal organs in women?
A
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterine pouch- Pouch of Douglas
7
Q
What is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity?
A
Rectouterine pouch- Pouch of Douglas
8
Q
How can you drain fluid from the pouch of Douglas?
A
Needle passed through the posterior fornix of the vagina
9
Q
What is the only part of the female reproductive system that is intraperitoneal?
A
Uterine tubes
10
Q
What makes the uterine tubes intraperitoneal?
A
Broad ligament
11
Q
What is the broad ligament?
A
Peritoneum draped over the uterine tubes
12
Q
WHat does the broad ligament do?
A
Keeps uterus in position
13
Q
What are the two main ligaments of the uterus?
A
Broad
Round
14
Q
What forms the round ligament?
A
Embryological remnant of gubernaculum that guides the organs down from the abdomen.
15
Q
What is another name for the round ligament?
A
Teres ligament
16
Q
What does the teres ligament pass through?
A
Deep and superficial inguinal rings
Inguinal canal
17
Q
What is the main part of the uterus called?
A
Body
18
Q
WHat separates the uterus from the vagina?
A
Cervix
19
Q
What branches off the uterus superiorly?
A
Uterine tubes
20
Q
What are the three layers of the uterus?
A
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
21
Q
What is found at either end of the cervix?
A
Inferiorly- External os
Superiorly- Internal os
22
Q
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
A
Implantation anywhere other than the body of the uterus
23
Q
Where is the most common sight for an ectopic pregnancy?
A
Uterine tubes
24
Q
What holds the uterus in place?
A
Ligaments- Uterosacral, broad ligament
Endopelvic fascia
Pelvic floor- Levator Ani
25
Where does the uterosacral ligament attach?
Cervix
26
In the phrase 'x and y' used to describe the uterine position what do x and y stand for?
x- position of cervix in relation to vagina
| y- position of uterus in relation to cervix
27
What is the most common uterine position?
Anteverted and anteflexed
28
What does Anteverted and anteflexed mean?
Cervix is folded anterior to vagina
| Uterus is folded anterior to cervix
29
In an Anteverted and anteflexed position what does the uterus rest on?
Bladder
30
What is a normal variation of uterine position?
Retroverted and retroflexed
31
What occurs near the external os of the cervix?
Transformation zone from squamous epithelium to columnar
32
Where is samples in a smear test?
Transformation zone
33
What is another name for the uterine tubes?
Fallopian tubes
34
What are the three major parts of the uterine tubes from lateral to medial?
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
35
What is the infundibulum of the uterine tubes?
Funnel like part that picks up the egg
36
Where does fertilization normally occur?
Ampulla
37
What does the infundibulum have?
Fimbriae to move the egg along
38
What prefix is associated with the uterine tubes?
'Salpingo'
39
What does the infundibulum open into?
Peritoneum
40
What does the link between the uterine tubes and peritoneal cavity allow for?
Ectopic pregnancy in peritoneal cavity
| Infection spread
41
How big and what shape are ovaries?
Almond size and shaped
42
What do ovaries secrete?
Oestrogen
| Progesterone
43
Where are the ovaries found?
Lateral abdo wall in ovarian fossa
44
Where do ovaries develop?
Posterior abdo wall
45
Where do ovaries release an ovum into?
Peritoneal cavity
46
Is the vagina normally open or closed?
CLosed
47
What is the only part of the vagina always open?
Fornix
48
What four fornices are there in the vagina?
Lateral x2
Anterior
Posterior
49
What can be palpated in the vagina?
```
Ischial spines (4 and 8 o'clock)
Uterus (check position)
Adnexae (ovary and uterine tubes)- finger into lateral fornix and press with other hand in iliac fossa. SHouldn't normally feel anything.
```
50
How do you palpate the adnexae?
Finger into lateral fornix and press with other hand in iliac fossa. Shouldn't normally feel anything.
51
What is the role of the ovary?
Produce sex hormones
| Produce and release gametes
52
What are the two areas of the ovary?
Medulla
| Cortex
53
What is found in the ovarian medulla?
Blood, lymphatics and connective tissue
54
Describe the ovarian cortex
Connective tissue with scattered ovarian follicles.
55
What is the very most outer layer of the ovary called?
Germinal epithelium
56
What is the germline epithelium made of?
Single layer of cuboidal cells
57
What is found directly below the germinal epithelium?
Tunica albicans
58
What is the tunica albicans made of?
Dense connective tissue
59
Name the nine steps in oocyte formation and release
```
Primordial follicle
Early primary follicle
Late primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Mature (Graafian) follicle with oocyte inside
Follicle rupture and oocyte release
Follicle forms corpus hemorrhagicum
CH to corpus luteum
CL to corpus albicans
```
60
What is an oocyte?
Cell in an ovary that may become an egg
61
What type of cell gives rise to oocytes?
Oogonia
62
When do oogonia appear?
6 weeks into development
63
What gives rise to oogonia?
Germ cells from the yoke sac
64
What is oogenesis?
Development of oocytes from oogonia
65
What is Folliculogenesis?
Growth of the follicle, which consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells.
66
What is the term for loss of oocytes that occurs around birth and up to puberty?
Atresia
67
During development do oocytes undergo meiosis?
Only up to prophase I then pause until needed
68
In a primordial follicle the does an oocyte need to associate with to stop it dying?
Pregranulosa cells (squamous epithelium)
69
When a follicle develops to a primary follicle what happens to its granulosa cells?
Become cuboidal
70
Describe a primary follicle
Oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida
Surrounded by follicle (granulosa) cells with basal lamina on the outside
All surrounded by stromal cells
71
Describe a follicle as it develops from an early primary to late primary
Granulosa cells proliferate
| Stromal cells become theca interna which secrete oestrogen precursor which is converted to oestrogen by granulosa cells
72
What happens as a late primary follicle develops into a secondary follicle?
A fluid filled antrum develops in the granulosa cell layer
73
What is a follicle called when its antrum is matured?
Graafian follicle
74
What happens one day before ovulation?
Oocyte completes meiosis to produce one normal daughter (secondary oocyte) cell and one small one which dies
75
Once the oocyte has been ovulated what happens to the follicle?
Changes to corpus luteum which secretes oestrogen and progesterone
76
What do the oestrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum do?
Prepare the uterus for implantation
77
What happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?
Forms a mass of connective tissue called corpus albicans
78
What happens to the corpus luteum if implantation does occur?
Placenta secretes Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which to prevent its breakdown therefore keeps producing progesterone
79
What moves the ovum down the uterine tubes?
Peristalsis and ciliary movement
80
What special cells are found in the epithelium of the uterine tubes?
Cells to secrete nutrients
81
What lines the uterine tubes?
Simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and secretory cells
82
What surrounds the epithelial lining of the uterine tubes?
SM
83
How does the epithelium change as you progress along from the ampulla to isthmus?
Lose ciliated and gain secretory
84
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
85
What is the endometrium made of?
Tubular secretory glands embedded in a connective tissue stroma.
86
What is the myometrium made of?
SM
Collagen
Elastic tissue
87
What is the perimetrium made of?
Mesothelium
88
What is the perimetrium continuous with?
Peritoneum
89
What are the two zones of the endometrium?
Stratum Functionalis
| Stratum Basalis
90
What does the stratum functionalis do?
Monthly growth and loss
91
What does the stratum basalis do?
Regenerate the SF
92
What grows from the stratum basalis to form the stratum functionalis?
Glands
Stroma
Blood vessels
93
What causes the stroma to proliferate?
Oestrogen
94
During proliferation how do the glands look?
Straight
95
During the secretory phase how do the glands look?
Corkscrew
96
What causes the shedding of endometrium during menstruation?
Reduced blood supply causing ischemia
97
What makes up most of the cervix?
Connective tissue
98
What lines most of the cervix?
Mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
99
What lines the vaginal surface of the cervix?
stratified squamous epithelium
100
What is the junction between the two forms of epithelium on the cervix called?
Transformational zone/Squamocolumnar junction
101
What occurs in the simple columnar epithelium part of the cervix?
(most of it)
| Endocervical glands
102
What two types of secretion can endocervical glands secrete?
Thin and watery in the proliferative phase (allowing the passage of sperm)
Thick and viscous following ovulation (preventing the passage of sperm, or microorganisms).
103
What happens if the outlet to a endocervical glands becomes blocked?
A Nabothian cyst develops
104
What are the four cell layers of the vagina?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lamina propria- connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia
105
Are there any glands in the wall of the vagina?
No
106
What lubricates the vagina?
Cervical glands
107
What do commensal bacteria do in the vagina?
Metabolize glycogen to lactic acid which inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
108
What is the labia majora an extension of?
Mons pubis
109
What does the labia majora contain?
Apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands
| Hair follicles
110
What are labia minor?
Thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles, but are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands that secrete directly onto the surface of the skin
111
What does the cliotris contain?
two tubes of erectile vascular tissue (corpora cavernosa)
112
What is the cliotris covered in?
A fibrocollagenous sheath covered by skin with rich innervation and a thin epidermis
