Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproduction > HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

HIV/AIDS Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What organism causes AIDS?

A

HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many strains of HIV are there?

A

2:
HIV 1
HIV 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which HIV strain is most virulent?

A

HIV 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which HIV strain is spread world wide?

A

HIV 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is HIV 2 largely restricted to?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of HIV

A

Infect mucosal Cd4+ cells -> Transport to regional lymph nodes -> Day 3 infection established -> Infection spreads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the life expectancy of those with treated HIV like?

A

Nearly normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can HIV be treated?

A

Sexually- damaged epithelium risk factor
Parenteral- IVDU, Blood transfusion, iatrogenic
Mother-to-child- Transplacental, delivery, breastmilk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three stages of HIV infection?

A

Primary infection
Latency/chronic phase
AIDS/late phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of cells does HIV infect?

A

CD4+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What kind of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does HIV do to CD4+ cells?

A

Infects Cd4+ cells thus reducing their number.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does HIV do to CD4+?

A

Leads in decreased Cd8 activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are CD4+ parameters?

A

Normal- 500-1600 cells/mm3

Risk of opportunistic infection- <300 cells/mm3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe how CD4+ levels vary during HIV infection?

A

Primary infection- Sharp decrease
Chronic infection- Slight increase then gradual decrease
Late stage- Continue gradual decrease until 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does HIV RNA levels vary during HIV infection?

A

Primary infection- Rapid increase
Chronic infection- Sharp decrease then gradual increase
Late stage- Rapid increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How long does the primary infection of HIV last?

A

A month or two.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When do constitutional symptoms first appear in HIV?

A

At the end of the chronic phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When do opportunistic infections occur in HIV?

A

During the late stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the symptoms of primary HIV infection?

A 
Fever 
Rash (maculopapular)
Myalgia
Pharyngitis 
Headache/aseptic meningitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How long does primary HIV infection take to occur after actual infection?

A

2-4w

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

During a primary HIV infection how infectious are you?

A

Very

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What things does HIV increase your susceptibility to?

A

Viral infections
Fungal infections
Mycobacterial infections
Infection induced cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are some opportunistic infections common in HIV?
Pneumocystis pneumonia (pneumocystis jiroveci) TB Cerebral toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Skin infections- Herpes zoster, Herpes simplex, HPV
26
What are some symptoms of Pneumocystic pneumonia (pneumocystis jiroveci)?
SOB Dry cough Exercise desaturation High dose co-trimoxazole (+/- steroid)
27
What are some symptoms of Cerebral toxoplasmosis (toxoplasma gondii)?
``` Headache Fever Focal neurology Seizures Raised ICP ```
28
What are some symptoms of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?
Reduced visual acuity Floaters Abdo pain
29
Which skin infections are associated with HIV?
Herpes zoster Herpes simplex Human papilloma virus
30
What are some neurological conditions associated with HIV?
HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HIV-1) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) (JC virus) Aseptic meningitis Guillain-Barre syndrome Viral meningitis (CMV, HSV) Cryptococcal meningitis Neurosyphilis
31
What are some symptoms of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HIV-1)?
Reduced short term memory | Motor deficits
32
What are some symptoms of Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) (JC virus)?
Rapid progress focal neurology | Confusion
33
Which cancers are associated with HIV?
Kaposi’s sarcoma (Human herpes virus 8) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (EBV) Cervical cancer
34
What is a derogatory descriptive name for AIDS?
'Slim's disease'
35
What are some symptoms of wasting associated with HIV?
Metabolic (chronic immune activation) Anorexia (multifactorial) Malabsorption/diarrhoea Hypogonadism
36
Why is HIV called 'Slim's disease'?
Due to it causing wasting.
37
Who should you test for HIV?
Universal testing in high prevalence areas Screen high risk groups Testing in the presence of “clinical indicators”
38
Who is tested in universal HIV testing?
All new patients | All general medical admissions
39
What counts as a high prevalence of HIV?
HIV>0.2%
40
Which groups are at an increased risk of HIV?
``` Men who have sex with men Female partners of bisexual men People who inject drugs Partners of people living with HIV Endemic areas ```
41
What are some endemic area for HIV?
Sub-Saharan Africa Caribbean Thailand
42
If HIV is in the differential should you test for it?
Yes!
43
What are some good ways to approach gaining consent for an HIV test?
Normalize it/explain why- 'Do this to all' Benefits- Protect them and partners Reassure about confidentiality
44
What are some points for testing an incapacitated individual for HIV?
Only test if in patient’s best interest Consent from relative not required If safe, wait until patient regains capacity
45
What are the two main testing methods for HIV?
Rapid HIV Test (POCT) | Venous sample for testing
46
How does a Rapid HIV Test (POCT) work?
Fingerprick blood specimen or saliva
47
How long does Rapid HIV Test (POCT) take?
Results within 20-30 minutes
48
What does a Rapid HIV Test (POCT) test?
3rd generation (Ab only) or 4th generation (Ab/Ag)
49
What are some advantages to a Rapid HIV Test?
``` Simple to use No lab required No venepuncture required No anxious wait Reduce follow-up Good sensitivity ```
50
What are some disadvantages of Rapid HIV Test?
``` Expensive ~£10 Quality control Poor positive predictive value in low prevalence settings Not suitable for high volume Can’t be relied on in early infection ```
51
What are some potential ways of detecting HIV?
RNA (Viral genome) Capsule protein (p24) Antibody
52
What does RNA (Viral genome) detect?
Viral load
53
Describe how viral load changes throughout infection
Peak in 1st three months Drop during chronic Increase in late stage
54
What does Capsule protein (p24) detect?
Antigen
55
Describe how viral load changes throughout infection?
Peak in 1st three months Drop during chronic Increase in late stage
56
Describe how HIV antibody levels vary during infection
Peak during chronic | Decrease in late stage
57
What does 3rd generation antibody test detect?
IgM and IgG | Very sensitive in established infection
58
How long can 3rd generation antibody test take to show a positive infection?
25 days
59
What does 4th generation testing detect?
Combined antibody and antigen
60
What is an advantage of 4th generation testing over 3rd?
Shorter window to positivity
61
Who should you treat for HIV?
``` Cd4+ count <350 Nervous system involvement Co-infection Cd4+ between 351-500 with: Hepatitis B or C infection Low CD4 percentage (<14%) Established or high risk of cardiovascular disease ```
62
How do you treat HIV?
Antiretrovirals
63
What does the single HIV pill include?
Tenofovir (NtRTI) Emtricitabine (NRTI) Efavirenz (NNTRI)
64
What are the 4 main types of antiretrovirals?
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNTRI) Protease Inhibitor (PI) Entry inhibitors
65
How do Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) work?
Inhibit reverse transcriptase.
66
What are some side effects of Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)?
Mitochondrial toxicity | Lactic acidosis
67
Give some examples of Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
``` Emtricitabine Tenofovir Zidovudine Abacavir Lamivudine ```
68
How do Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNTRI) work?
Inhibits reverse transcriptase by binding to an allosteric site.
69
Do Inhibits reverse transcriptase by binding to an allosteric site work against both strains of HIV?
Don't work against HIV 2
70
Name some examples of Inhibits reverse transcriptase by binding to an allosteric site.
First gen- Nevirapine and efavirenz | Second gen- Etravirine and rilpivirine
71
Protease Inhibitor (PI)
Block the viral protease enzyme necessary to produce mature virions upon budding from the host membrane.
72
What are some side effects of protease inhibitors (PI)?
Liver enzyme inhibitor | GI side effects
73
Give some examples of protease inhibitors (PI)?
Darunavir and atazanavir- first line | Lopinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir and ritonavir
74
How do entry inhibitors work?
Interfere with binding, fusion and entry of HIV-1 to the host cell
75
Give some examples of entry inhibitors
Maraviroc and enfuviritide
76
What is the standard formula for treating HIV?
2 NRTIs as a “backbone” along with 1 NNRTI, PI or INSTI as a “base”
77
What are the two major side effects of antiretrovirals?
Lipodystrophy syndrome | Highly active antiretroviral therapy toxicity (HAART)
78
Describe Lipodystrophy syndrome
Loss of subcutaneous fat in the arms, legs and face Deposition of visceral, breast and local fat Raised cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides Insulin resistance with hyperglycaemia Syndrome is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity
79
Give some examples of Highly active antiretroviral therapy toxicity (HAART)
GI side effects (Protease Inhibitors) Skin: rash, hypersensitivity, Stevens-Johnsons (abacivir, nevirapine) CNS side effects: mood, psychosis (efavirenz) Renal toxicity: proximal renal tubulopathies (tenofovir, atazanavir) Bone: osteomalacia (tenofovir) CVS: increased MI risk (abacivir, lopinavir) Hematology: anemia (zidovudine) GI: transaminitis, fulminant hepatitis (nevirapine, most others)
80
What should you immunise people with HIV against?
Hep B Pneumococcal disease Haemophilus influenza type b
81
What should you not immunise people with HIV against?
BCG/TB, Yellow fever, Oral typhoid Live polio vaccine
82
How can an HIV positive male and negative female reproduce?
Sperm washing with IUI or IVF | Timed unprotected sex with HAART +/- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
83
How can an HIV positive female and negative male reproduce?
Self-insemination | Timed unprotected sex with HAART
84
What are some methods to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission?
HAART during pregnancy Vaginal delivery if undetected viral load Caesarean section if detected viral load 4/52 Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for neonate Exclusive formula feeding
85
Must partners of those with HIV be notified?
Yes
86
What are some barriers to partner notification with HIV?
Fear- Rejection, Isolation, Violence Stigma Confidentiality

Reproduction (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions