Female Reproductive System

Question 1

What are the primary sex organs and what is there function

Answer 1

Ovaries
Responsible for gamete production

Question 2

Name accessory sex organs

Answer 2

Vagina
Uterus
Clitoris

Question 3

What are the secondary sex characteristics and how/when do they occur

Answer 3

Breast and mammary gland development
Wide pelvic structure
Bone density
Fat deposition pattern
During puberty- mediated by estrogen

Question 4

Uterus layers

Answer 4

Myometrium- muscle layer- contractile
Endometrium- tissue build up and shed

Question 5

What is it called when the egg implants in uterine tube

Answer 5

Ectopic pregnancy

Question 6

Role of cilia and peg cells on fimbrae

Answer 6

Cilia- beat to pull ovum near uterine duct
Peg- secrete nutrients for ovum and sperm

Question 7

Which external skin have hair and don’t have hair

Answer 7

Hair- labium majora, mons pubis
No hair- labium minora

Question 8

When are primary follicles made

Answer 8

Within 5 months of gestation

Question 9

What is syngamy

Answer 9

Union of egg and sperm

Question 10

Where does the embryo implant

Answer 10

Endometrium

Question 11

Functions of female sex organs

Answer 11

• oogenesis
  -facilitating syngamy
• provide site for implantation of embryo
• provide physical environment and nutritional needs for developing fetus
• provide pathway for parturition and nourish the neonate

Question 12

Number oocytes locked in prophase 1

Answer 12

7 million

Question 13

Number oocytes at puberty

Answer 13

300 000

Question 14

Number eggs full maturation

Answer 14

450

Question 15

What are polar bodies

Answer 15

Byproduct that do not become fertilized

Question 16

Steps of oogenesis

Answer 16

• primordial follicles appear in mid-gestation and divide (mitosis) until 5th month
• 7 million potential primary oocytes enter meiosis 1 and are locked in prophase 1
• reduce to 300 000 by puberty (level of reproductive maturity) that undergo further development
• most oogonium never progress to full maturity- estimated 450 eggs mature and release during ovulation
• oocytes locked in M1 until ovulation, M2 completed after fertilization

Question 17

What is oogenesis

Answer 17

Develop ovum through maturation to level needed for fertilization

Question 18

How many primary follicles will start to mature

Answer 18

6-12 follicles

Question 19

What is the sperm binding site on an egg

Answer 19

Zona pellucida (ZP1, ZP2 proteins)

Question 20

What hormone is high in primary follicle

Answer 20

FSH

Question 21

What happens to primary follicle as it changes to preantral follicle

Answer 21

More LH and FSH receptors
(the egg with the most receptors is chosen for development)

Question 22

What hormones stimulate the growth of primary follicles

Answer 22

FSH and LH

Question 23

What hormone do primary follicles produce

Answer 23

Estrogen

Question 24

What kind of receptors are on thecal cells

Answer 24

LH receptors

Question 25

Follicular phase- follicle stages of development

Answer 25

Primordial follicle - ovum and ganulosa cells - pre puberty - ovarian reserve Primary follicle - FSH - 6-12 follicles - start to have LH and FSH receptors during transition Preantral follicle - zona pellucida Antral follicle - antrum - thecal cells Preovulatory (mature) follicle - granulosa cells Graafian follicle - susceptible to LH and follicle expelled

Question 26

What do thecal cells produce

Answer 26

Progesterone and androgens and estrogen?

Question 27

What is the antrum

Answer 27

Fluid filled sac in follicle

Question 28

What are granulosa cells

Answer 28

Surround ovum and make up follicle Increased FSH and LH receptors

Question 29

What does LH surge cause

Answer 29

- rupture Graafian follicle - expulsion of antrum fluid and mature ovum

Question 30

What is the corpus luteum, what does it become, what does it secrete, what is its function

Answer 30

- left over thecal and granulosa cells - LH causes corpus luteum formation - becomes endocrine gland that secretes estrogen and progesterone - helps with endometrium lining in case the egg is fertilized

Question 31

What is leutinization

Answer 31

Formation of corpus luteum

Question 32

Lifespan of corpus luteum

Answer 32

degenerate within two weeks if no HCG

Question 33

How many days to become Graafian follicle

Answer 33

25-45 days

Question 34

Early antral follicle properties

Answer 34

- FSH dependent - low estrogen levels - estrogen has negative feedback on anterior pituitary saying “no more FSH/LH since I’m here”

Question 35

Recruitable antral follicle properties (late stage)

Answer 35

- high estrogen - switch from negative to positive feedback - true endocrine gland

Question 36

What do granulosa cells secrete and why

Answer 36

Progesterone to maintain endometrium lining

Question 37

What causes the follicle to rupture

Answer 37

- LH surge, granulosa cells secrete progesterone and estrogen levels decrease - theca interna releases proteolytic enzymes= collagenase (cause stigma weaken- ovary surface and follicle swell) - rapid blood vessel growth and prostaglandin secretion (follicle swells)

Question 38

Progesterone function for accessory sex organs

Answer 38

Maintain endometrium lining

Question 39

What does HCG stand for, what does it do, when is it produced

Answer 39

Human chorionic gonadotropin- produced if fertilization occurs - allows corpus luteum to maintain endometrium and prepare mammary glands for lactation

Question 40

What does the corpus luteum produce if pregnancy occurs? Why is this important

Answer 40

Progesterone and estrogen - to inhibit LH/FSH so that no ovulation occurs

Question 41

What is the corpus albicans and when does it occur

Answer 41

White tissue - lose of lipids, lose function, tissue reabsorbed Occurs when no HCG

Question 42

Explain luteal phase of ovarian cycle

Answer 42

- Expulsion of ovum - granulosa and theca interna cells become leutin cells (high LH for leutinization) - leutinization- formation of corpus luteum (enlarge and fill with lipid inclusions) - corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen (granulosa) and androgens (theca cells) - corpus albicans degenerates and loose secretory function- involution (shrink) - reabsorbed in absence of HCG

Question 43

Name all the phases of the ovarian and endometrial cycle. Include the main hormone involved and it’s function during the stage

Answer 43

Ovarian cycle - follicular phase: FSH- follicle growth - ovulation (day 14): LH- allows follicle rupture -luteal phase: progesterone (and estrogen)- maintain endometrium Endometrial cycle - menses (3-5 days) - proliferation phase: rising estrogen (and progesterone)- build up endometrium lining - secretory phase: progesterone (and estrogen)- maintain endometrium *inhibins feedback to regulate FSH and LH

Question 44

What causes endometrium to shed

Answer 44

Drop in progesterone levels

Question 45

When does atresia happen?

Answer 45

Falling FSH - one dominant follicle picked, rest atresia

Question 46

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

Answer 46

Explain