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Reproductive hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Peptide hormones:
1. Synthesis
2. Storage
3. Release from parent cell
4. Transport in blood
5. Half-life
6. Receptor location
7. Response to receptor ligand binding
8. General target response
9. Examples

A
  1. Made in advance
  2. Stored in secretory vesicles
  3. Exocytosis
  4. Dissolved in plasma
  5. Short
  6. Cell membrane (ex. GPCR)
  7. Activation of second messenger systems (may active genes)
  8. Modification of existing proteins and induction of new protein synthesis
  9. Insulin, parathyroid hormone, LH, FSH, GnRH
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2
Q

Steroid Hormones:

  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Release from parent cell
  4. Transport in blood
  5. Half-life
  6. Receptor location
  7. Response to receptor ligand binding
  8. General target response
  9. Examples
A
  1. Synthesized on demand from precursors
  2. Not stored
  3. Simple diffusion
  4. Bound to carrier proteins
  5. Long
  6. In cytoplasm or nucleus (some may have membrane receptors)
  7. Activation of genes for transcription and translation (may have non genomic actions)
  8. Induction of new protein synthesis
  9. Aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, progestin
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3
Q

Thyroid hormones synthesis and storage

A

Synthesized on demand from stored precursors

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4
Q

Trophic Hormone
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Anterior pituitary
  3. Release or inhibit pituitary hormones
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5
Q

Oxytocin
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Posterior pituitary
  2. Breast and uterus
  3. Milk ejection, labour and delivery, behaviour
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6
Q

Vasopressin (ADH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Posterior pituitary
  2. Kidney
  3. Water reabsorption
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7
Q

Prolactin
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Breast
  3. Milk production
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8
Q

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Liver, many tissues
  3. Growth factor secretion, growth and metabolism
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9
Q

Corticotropin (ACTH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Adrenal cortex
  3. Cortisol release
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10
Q

Thyrotropin (TSH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Thyroid hormone synthesis
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11
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Gonads
  3. Egg or sperm production: sex hormone production
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12
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Gonads
  3. Sex hormone production: egg or sperm production
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13
Q

Androgens
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Testes (male)
  2. Many tissues
  3. Sperm production, secondary sex characteristics
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14
Q

Inhibin (males)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Testes (male)
  2. Anterior pituitary
  3. Inhibits FSH secretion
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15
Q

Estrogen/Progesterone
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Ovaries (female)
  2. Many tissues
  3. Egg production, secondary sex characteristics
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16
Q

Inhibin (females)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Anterior pituitary
  3. Inhibits FSH secretion
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17
Q

Relaxin
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Uterine muscle
  3. Relaxes muscle
    (Hormone during pregnancy)
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18
Q

Estrogen/Progesterone during pregnancy
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Placenta
  2. Many tissues
  3. Fetal, maternal development
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19
Q

Chorionic somatomammotropin during pregnancy
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Placenta
  2. Many tissues
  3. Metabolism
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20
Q

Chorionic gonadotropin during pregnancy
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Placenta
  2. Corpus luteum
  3. Hormone secretion
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21
Q

What kind of hormones control the secretion of other hormones

A

Release hormones

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22
Q

What are tropic hormones and where are they found

A

Tropic hormones target another endocrine gland/cell to control hormone release

Found in hypothalamus (neurohormones) and anterior pituitary (hormones)

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23
Q

Dopamine pathway

A

Dopamine-> prolactin-> target= breast

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24
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone pathway

A

TRH-> Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-> thyroid gland release thyroid hormones-> target=many tissues

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25
Corticotropin releasing hormone pathway
CRH-> (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone-> adrenal cortex releases cortisol-> target= many tissues
26
Growth hormone releasing hormone pathway
GHRH-> GH-> liver releases insulin like growth factors (IGFs)-> target= many tissues
27
Gonadotropin releasing hormone pathway
GnRH-> FSH or LH -> endocrine cells of the gonads-> androgens (male) or estrogen/progesterone (female) -> germ cells of gonads (male) and many tissues (both)
28
How can GnRH target FSH and LH
GnRH secretion is pulsatile
29
What do LH and FSH stand for
Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
30
What kind of hormone is progesterone
20C steroid hormone
31
What kind of hormone is testosterone
19C steroid hormone
32
Where receptors to progesterone and testosterone bind to
Progesterone receptor and androgen receptor
33
Estradiol 17 Beta type of hormone and receptor
19C steroid hormone Estrogen receptor
34
Where are steroid receptors found and what is their action (general)
Intracellular and act by regulating gene expression
35
What size of glycoprotein is FSH vs LH
FSH 28 kDa LH 33 kDa Both use GPCRs
36
Name the three important parts of the anterior pituitary
1. Parvicellular neurosecretory cells 2. Median eminence 3. Hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels
37
Name the important cells for the posterior pituitary
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells
38
Key notes for posterior pituitary
Release site not production site Neural tissue- neurohormones Extension of hypothalamus
39
Role of magnocellular neurosecretory cells
Hypothalamic cells Big Synthesize hormones that are released by posterior pituitary
40
Role of parvicellular neurosecretory cells
Hypothalamic cells Small Project to median eminence
41
Role of median eminence
Start of portal system
42
What is the portal system
Start with capillaries and end with capillaries Doesn’t pass through the heart Delivers hormones
43
Role of hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels
Messenger, delivery system
44
What do gonadotropes produce
Gonadotropins- FSH and LH
45
What do lactotropes produce
Prolactin
46
What converts cholesterol to pregnenolone and what type of reaction is it
Cytochrome-P450 (CYP450) Redox reaction
47
What is the master precursor for sex steroid hormones
Pregnenolone
48
What type of cells produce the sex steroid hormones
Steroidogenic cells
49
What can steroidogenic cells do and what do they have (3)
- have lipid droplets - have lots of smooth ER to store lipids - ability to take up circulating cholesterol (usually by LDL or VLDL)
50
Name the three sex steroid hormones
Progesterone Testosterone Estrogen (specifically estradiol 17beta)
51
What is the main androgen and where is it produced
Testosterone Produced in the testes
52
What keeps testosterone high in the testes
ABP- androgen binding protein that keeps testosterone in the testes —Essential for sperm production
53
Role of progesterone
Maintain uterine lining (endometrium)
54
Role of cortisol
Important for mobilization of glucose Stress hormone Maintain high energy levels
55
What converts testosterone to estradiol 17B
Aromatase
56
What converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
5alpha-reductase
57
Role of DHT
T Converted to DHT during puberty DHT develops male characteristics Dependent on 5alpha reductase active/healthy
58
What does 5alpha-reductase do
T -> DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
59
What does aromatase do
Testosterone -> estradiol 17B Peripheral conversion
60
When is pregnenolone modified
Before leaving the cell Steroid hormones are not regulated at the level of secretion
61
When does regulation occur
Level of uptake, mobilization and synthesis of cholesterol Level of steroidogenic enzyme expression
62
Where can you find steroidogenic enzymes
Inner mitochondrial membrane Membrane of SER
63
Where is the total hormone production coming from
Equal to sum of secretion of hormone from steroidogenic cell and peripheral conversion from another type of steroid
64
How do steroid hormones circulate
Bound to carrier proteins (Sex hormone binding globulin SHBG)
65
What is the role of receptors
receptor determines which cells will respond
66
Explain hydrophobic/lipophilic qualities of sex steroids
-Readily pass through cell membranes -poorly soluble in blood -lipophilic binding proteins
67
Name 2 lipophilic binding proteins
Albumin SHBG- sex hormone binding globulin
68
Explain storage for sex steroids
Not stored (diffuse easily) Large secretory capacity
69
How can we deliver sex steroids to a patient
Orally- easy to absorb GI absorption
70
How are sex steroids excreted
Liver breaks down hormones causing inactivation. conjugation (glucuronides or sulphate conjugation) improves hormone water solubility allowing excretion by kidneys
71
What does peripheral conversion do
Converts hormone A to hormone B
72
Action of sex steroids
Regulate gene expression
73
Mechanism for sex steroid action
Hormone diffuse into cell Bind to intracellular receptor Translocate into nucleus Regulate gene expression
74
Name some factors influencing sex steroid level/function
- Cholesterol levels - binding protein mutation/issue - receptor issue - feedback hormones - peripheral conversion activity - Excretion amount - steroid supplements -age, menopause, sex
75
Explain hydrophilic/soluble and storage characteristics of peptide sex hormones
Stored in vesicles as prohormones Large secretory capacity Released upon stimulus May appear in urine in biologically active form (allows determination of pregnancy)
76
Examples of peptide hormones
Anterior pituitary tropic hormones Insulin
77
Compare anterior and posterior pituitary
Anterior Pituitary Adenohypophysis Epithelial component 5 cell types- secrete 6 hormones (LH/FSH same cell type) Posterior Pituitary Neurohypophysis Neural component Release 2 neurohormones
78
What does FSH target
Follicle stimulating hormone Target Ovarian follicular cells to make estrogen and progestins Target Sertoli cells to initiate spermatogenesis
79
What does LH target
Luteinizing hormone Target Leydig cells to make testosterone
80
What does prolactin target
Mammary glands to initiate and maintain milk production
81
What does oxytocin target
Uterus and breast
82
What type of GPCRs do GnRH and FSH/LH use
GnRH- Gq FSH/LH- Gs
83
How was GnRH pulsatile secretion proven
Monkey experiment where ovaries were removed
84
Name corresponding hormones to their pulse frequency
Low- FSH High- LH
85
Role of inhibins and activins and what type of hormone they are
Peptide hormones Act to fine tune hormones we have discussed Activins- enhance action of hormone Inhibins- downregulate
86
What can increases in inhibin A and inhibin B cause
A- increase trisomy 21 B- decrease fertility in males

BPK 307 (13 decks)

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