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BPK 307 > Reproductive hormones > Flashcards

Reproductive hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Peptide hormones:
1. Synthesis
2. Storage
3. Release from parent cell
4. Transport in blood
5. Half-life
6. Receptor location
7. Response to receptor ligand binding
8. General target response
9. Examples

A
  1. Made in advance
  2. Stored in secretory vesicles
  3. Exocytosis
  4. Dissolved in plasma
  5. Short
  6. Cell membrane (ex. GPCR)
  7. Activation of second messenger systems (may active genes)
  8. Modification of existing proteins and induction of new protein synthesis
  9. Insulin, parathyroid hormone, LH, FSH, GnRH
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2
Q

Steroid Hormones:

  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage
  3. Release from parent cell
  4. Transport in blood
  5. Half-life
  6. Receptor location
  7. Response to receptor ligand binding
  8. General target response
  9. Examples
A
  1. Synthesized on demand from precursors
  2. Not stored
  3. Simple diffusion
  4. Bound to carrier proteins
  5. Long
  6. In cytoplasm or nucleus (some may have membrane receptors)
  7. Activation of genes for transcription and translation (may have non genomic actions)
  8. Induction of new protein synthesis
  9. Aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone, progestin
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3
Q

Thyroid hormones synthesis and storage

A

Synthesized on demand from stored precursors

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4
Q

Trophic Hormone
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Anterior pituitary
  3. Release or inhibit pituitary hormones
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5
Q

Oxytocin
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Posterior pituitary
  2. Breast and uterus
  3. Milk ejection, labour and delivery, behaviour
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6
Q

Vasopressin (ADH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Posterior pituitary
  2. Kidney
  3. Water reabsorption
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7
Q

Prolactin
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Breast
  3. Milk production
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8
Q

Growth Hormone (somatotropin)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Liver, many tissues
  3. Growth factor secretion, growth and metabolism
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9
Q

Corticotropin (ACTH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Adrenal cortex
  3. Cortisol release
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10
Q

Thyrotropin (TSH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Thyroid hormone synthesis
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11
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Gonads
  3. Egg or sperm production: sex hormone production
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12
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Anterior pituitary
  2. Gonads
  3. Sex hormone production: egg or sperm production
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13
Q

Androgens
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Testes (male)
  2. Many tissues
  3. Sperm production, secondary sex characteristics
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14
Q

Inhibin (males)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Testes (male)
  2. Anterior pituitary
  3. Inhibits FSH secretion
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15
Q

Estrogen/Progesterone
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Ovaries (female)
  2. Many tissues
  3. Egg production, secondary sex characteristics
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16
Q

Inhibin (females)
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Anterior pituitary
  3. Inhibits FSH secretion
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17
Q

Relaxin
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Uterine muscle
  3. Relaxes muscle
    (Hormone during pregnancy)
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18
Q

Estrogen/Progesterone during pregnancy
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Placenta
  2. Many tissues
  3. Fetal, maternal development
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19
Q

Chorionic somatomammotropin during pregnancy
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Placenta
  2. Many tissues
  3. Metabolism
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20
Q

Chorionic gonadotropin during pregnancy
1. Location
2. Primary target
3. Main effects

A
  1. Placenta
  2. Corpus luteum
  3. Hormone secretion
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21
Q

What kind of hormones control the secretion of other hormones

A

Release hormones

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22
Q

What are tropic hormones and where are they found

A

Tropic hormones target another endocrine gland/cell to control hormone release

Found in hypothalamus (neurohormones) and anterior pituitary (hormones)

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23
Q

Dopamine pathway

A

Dopamine-> prolactin-> target= breast

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24
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone pathway

A

TRH-> Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-> thyroid gland release thyroid hormones-> target=many tissues

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25
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone pathway

A

CRH-> (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone-> adrenal cortex releases cortisol-> target= many tissues

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26
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone pathway

A

GHRH-> GH-> liver releases insulin like growth factors (IGFs)-> target= many tissues

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27
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone pathway

A

GnRH-> FSH or LH -> endocrine cells of the gonads-> androgens (male) or estrogen/progesterone (female) -> germ cells of gonads (male) and many tissues (both)

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28
Q

How can GnRH target FSH and LH

A

GnRH secretion is pulsatile

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29
Q

What do LH and FSH stand for

A

Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

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30
Q

What kind of hormone is progesterone

A

20C steroid hormone

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31
Q

What kind of hormone is testosterone

A

19C steroid hormone

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32
Q

Where receptors to progesterone and testosterone bind to

A

Progesterone receptor and androgen receptor

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33
Q

Estradiol 17 Beta type of hormone and receptor

A

19C steroid hormone
Estrogen receptor

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34
Q

Where are steroid receptors found and what is their action (general)

A

Intracellular and act by regulating gene expression

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35
Q

What size of glycoprotein is FSH vs LH

A

FSH 28 kDa
LH 33 kDa
Both use GPCRs

36
Q

Name the three important parts of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Parvicellular neurosecretory cells
  2. Median eminence
  3. Hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels
37
Q

Name the important cells for the posterior pituitary

A

Magnocellular neurosecretory cells

38
Q

Key notes for posterior pituitary

A

Release site not production site
Neural tissue- neurohormones
Extension of hypothalamus

39
Q

Role of magnocellular neurosecretory cells

A

Hypothalamic cells
Big
Synthesize hormones that are released by posterior pituitary

40
Q

Role of parvicellular neurosecretory cells

A

Hypothalamic cells
Small
Project to median eminence

41
Q

Role of median eminence

A

Start of portal system

42
Q

What is the portal system

A

Start with capillaries and end with capillaries
Doesn’t pass through the heart
Delivers hormones

43
Q

Role of hypothalamohypophyseal portal vessels

A

Messenger, delivery system

44
Q

What do gonadotropes produce

A

Gonadotropins- FSH and LH

45
Q

What do lactotropes produce

A

Prolactin

46
Q

What converts cholesterol to pregnenolone and what type of reaction is it

A

Cytochrome-P450 (CYP450)
Redox reaction

47
Q

What is the master precursor for sex steroid hormones

A

Pregnenolone

48
Q

What type of cells produce the sex steroid hormones

A

Steroidogenic cells

49
Q

What can steroidogenic cells do and what do they have (3)

A
  • have lipid droplets
  • have lots of smooth ER to store lipids
  • ability to take up circulating cholesterol (usually by LDL or VLDL)
50
Q

Name the three sex steroid hormones

A

Progesterone
Testosterone
Estrogen (specifically estradiol 17beta)

51
Q

What is the main androgen and where is it produced

A

Testosterone
Produced in the testes

52
Q

What keeps testosterone high in the testes

A

ABP- androgen binding protein that keeps testosterone in the testes
—Essential for sperm production

53
Q

Role of progesterone

A

Maintain uterine lining (endometrium)

54
Q

Role of cortisol

A

Important for mobilization of glucose
Stress hormone
Maintain high energy levels

55
Q

What converts testosterone to estradiol 17B

A

Aromatase

56
Q

What converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

5alpha-reductase

57
Q

Role of DHT

A

T Converted to DHT during puberty
DHT develops male characteristics
Dependent on 5alpha reductase active/healthy

58
Q

What does 5alpha-reductase do

A

T -> DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

59
Q

What does aromatase do

A

Testosterone -> estradiol 17B
Peripheral conversion

60
Q

When is pregnenolone modified

A

Before leaving the cell
Steroid hormones are not regulated at the level of secretion

61
Q

When does regulation occur

A

Level of uptake, mobilization and synthesis of cholesterol
Level of steroidogenic enzyme expression

62
Q

Where can you find steroidogenic enzymes

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane
Membrane of SER

63
Q

Where is the total hormone production coming from

A

Equal to sum of secretion of hormone from steroidogenic cell and peripheral conversion from another type of steroid

64
Q

How do steroid hormones circulate

A

Bound to carrier proteins
(Sex hormone binding globulin SHBG)

65
Q

What is the role of receptors

A

receptor determines which cells will respond

66
Q

Explain hydrophobic/lipophilic qualities of sex steroids

A

-Readily pass through cell membranes
-poorly soluble in blood
-lipophilic binding proteins

67
Q

Name 2 lipophilic binding proteins

A

Albumin
SHBG- sex hormone binding globulin

68
Q

Explain storage for sex steroids

A

Not stored (diffuse easily)
Large secretory capacity

69
Q

How can we deliver sex steroids to a patient

A

Orally- easy to absorb
GI absorption

70
Q

How are sex steroids excreted

A

Liver breaks down hormones causing inactivation. conjugation (glucuronides or sulphate conjugation) improves hormone water solubility allowing excretion by kidneys

71
Q

What does peripheral conversion do

A

Converts hormone A to hormone B

72
Q

Action of sex steroids

A

Regulate gene expression

73
Q

Mechanism for sex steroid action

A

Hormone diffuse into cell
Bind to intracellular receptor
Translocate into nucleus
Regulate gene expression

74
Q

Name some factors influencing sex steroid level/function

A
  • Cholesterol levels
  • binding protein mutation/issue
  • receptor issue
  • feedback hormones
  • peripheral conversion activity
  • Excretion amount
  • steroid supplements
    -age, menopause, sex
75
Q

Explain hydrophilic/soluble and storage characteristics of peptide sex hormones

A

Stored in vesicles as prohormones
Large secretory capacity

Released upon stimulus
May appear in urine in biologically active form (allows determination of pregnancy)

76
Q

Examples of peptide hormones

A

Anterior pituitary tropic hormones
Insulin

77
Q

Compare anterior and posterior pituitary

A

Anterior Pituitary
Adenohypophysis
Epithelial component
5 cell types- secrete 6 hormones (LH/FSH same cell type)

Posterior Pituitary
Neurohypophysis
Neural component
Release 2 neurohormones

78
Q

What does FSH target

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Target Ovarian follicular cells to make estrogen and progestins
Target Sertoli cells to initiate spermatogenesis

79
Q

What does LH target

A

Luteinizing hormone
Target Leydig cells to make testosterone

80
Q

What does prolactin target

A

Mammary glands to initiate and maintain milk production

81
Q

What does oxytocin target

A

Uterus and breast

82
Q

What type of GPCRs do GnRH and FSH/LH use

A

GnRH- Gq
FSH/LH- Gs

83
Q

How was GnRH pulsatile secretion proven

A

Monkey experiment where ovaries were removed

84
Q

Name corresponding hormones to their pulse frequency

A

Low- FSH
High- LH

85
Q

Role of inhibins and activins and what type of hormone they are

A

Peptide hormones
Act to fine tune hormones we have discussed
Activins- enhance action of hormone
Inhibins- downregulate

86
Q

What can increases in inhibin A and inhibin B cause

A

A- increase trisomy 21
B- decrease fertility in males

BPK 307 (13 decks)

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