Fertility Testing

Question 1

[9] Most common causes of male infertility are:

[VIOCI, ETDE]

Answer 1

1. Varicocele
2. Idiopathic
3. Obstruction
4. Cryptorchidism
5. Immunologic
6. Ejaculatory dysfunction
7. Testicular failure
8. Drug induced
9. Endocrine

Question 2

It has been linked to reduced sperm production and function.

Answer 2

Tobacco

Question 3

It is well established that men who have undergone chemotherapy and/or radiation for cancer treatment are at risk for diminished sperm production or even permanent azoospermia.

Answer 3

Exposures

Question 4

It is best defined as the 6-day interval ending on the day of ovulation.

Answer 4

Fertility window

Question 5

States that the evaluation for male infertility should consist of a genital examination that includes examination of the penis, testes, scrotum, vas deferens, and epididymis.

Answer 5

American Society for Reproductive Medicine Practice Committee.

Question 6

Have been described as the most common correctable cause of male infertility as well as the most common cause of secondary infertility.

Answer 6

Varicoceles

Question 7

When assessing for _____, the patient should be examined in both the SUPINE and STANDING POSITIONS.

Answer 7

Varicoceles

Question 8

The cornerstone of all fertility tests.

Answer 8

Semen analysis

Question 9

How many semen samples should be requested from all patients.

Answer 9

2

Question 10

An abstinence period of ___ days is typically required and should be consistently maintained before each sample collection

Answer 10

2-7

Question 11

A coagulum that liquefies in 5–25 min under the effect of prostatic enzymes.

Answer 11

Semen

Question 12

Semen is termed “______” when it remains a coagulum.

Answer 12

non-liquefied

Question 13

Semen is termed “_____” when it pours in thick strands instead of drops.

Answer 13

hyper viscous

Question 14

Mostly commonly measured by counting sperm on a counting grid.

Answer 14

Sperm concentration

Question 15

It is diagnosed when fewer than 15 ×10 6/ml are detected while azoospermia is defined as failure to find any sperm.

Answer 15

Oligozoospermia

Question 16

Immediately after liquefaction, sperm motility should be examined at room temperature or preferably at (what temp?)

Answer 16

37°C

Question 17

The term given when a DECREASE IN TOTAL MOTILITY or forward progressive motility is detected.

Answer 17

Asthenospermia

Question 18

It is routinely examined in an airdried, fixed, and stained semen smear.

Answer 18

Sperm morphology

Question 19

Diagnostic test that obtains images of the testicles and the surrounding tissues in your scrotum.

Answer 19

Testicular ultrasound

Question 20

It is also called sonography or ultrasound scanning.

Answer 20

Ultrasound

Question 21

Testicular ultrasound takes about how many minutes?

Answer 21

20-30 mins

Question 22

[4] Testicular Ultrasound Procedure

Answer 22

1. Preparation
2. Positioning
3. Imaging technique
4. After the procedure

Question 23

You may need to change into a hospital gown. You won’t typically receive sedatives, anesthesia, or topical numbing agents.

[testicular ultrasound procedure]

Answer 23

1. Preparation

Question 24

Also called surgical biopsy.

Answer 24

Open biopsy

Question 25

[2] Preparation for testicular biopsy

Answer 25

1. Anticoagulants (blood thinners) 2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin or ibuprofen

Question 26

It is the radiological procedure used to EVALUATE PATENCY of the vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts.

Answer 26

Vasography

Question 27

[4] Four techniques for vasography have been described: [VVRT]

Answer 27

1. Vaso puncture 2. Vasotomy 3. Retrograde catheterization via vasopuncture 4. Transrectal puncture

Question 28

[6] Common causes of female infertility are: [OEP, TOH]

Answer 28

1. Ovulatory disorders - 25% 2. Endometriosis - 15% 3. Pelvic adhesions - 12% 4. Tubal blockage - 11% 5. Other tubal/urine abnormalities - 11% 6. Hyperprolactinemia - 7%

Question 29

Results in infertility because no oocyte will be released monthly.

Answer 29

Oligo-ovulation or anovulation

Question 30

It is associated with eating disorders and excessive exercise, which results in a decrease in hypothalamic GnRH secretion. [anovulation]

Answer 30

Hypothalamic amenorrhea

Question 31

It can be diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria.

Answer 31

PCOS

Question 32

PCOS stands for?

Answer 32

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Question 33

It is the category of PREMATURE OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY insufficiency and ovarian resistance associated with females' age. [anovulation]

Answer 33

Hypergonadotropic Hypoestrogenic

Question 34

A WOMAN'S AGE AFFECTS FERTILITY; this is due to a well-studied phenomenon of a steady decline in the quality and quantity of the patient’s oocytes. [anovulation]

Answer 34

Hypergonadotropic Hypoestrogenic

Question 35

It is defined as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism before the age of 40. [anovulation]

Answer 35

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)

Question 36

This disease is characterized by a lack of folliculogenesis, a decrease in estrogen, loss of oocytes, and infertility. [anovulation]

Answer 36

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)

Question 37

It is defined as endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity.

Answer 37

Endometriosis

Question 38

The diagnosis is based on the histological identification of endometrial glands and/or stroma outside the uterus.

Answer 38

Endometriosis

Question 39

It is most commonly found in the pelvis but can spread throughout the entire abdomen and affects 10% to 15% of reproductive-age women.

Answer 39

Endometriosis

Question 40

Infectious processes within the abdomen are the leading cause of this

Answer 40

Pelvic/Tubal Adhesions

Question 41

The most common infectious process to affect infertility is?

Answer 41

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Question 42

A TUBAL ABNORMALITY caused by acute and chronic inflammation that DAMAGES the structural integrity of the fallopian. [pelvic/tubal adhesions]

Answer 42

Hydrosalpinges

Question 43

This damage leads to tubal obstruction, which blocks the distribution of physiologic fluid in the fallopian tube and results in fluid accumulation. [pevic/tubal adhesions]

Answer 43

Hydrosalpinges

Question 44

Also associated with infertility. Most commonly found are UTERINE SEPTUMS, which are also associated with RECURRENCY PREGNANCY LOSS. [uterine causes]

Answer 44

Congenital uterine abnormalities (CUA)

Question 45

It can also be detected by a cycle day 21 progesterone serum level, or more accurately, a mid-luteal phase progesterone level.

Answer 45

Ovulation

Question 46

It is indicated as a FIRST LINE DIAGNOSTIC FOR SUSPECTED PELVIC ADHESIONS, endometriosis, or other pelvic pathologies; [tubal evaluation]

Answer 46

Laparoscopy

Question 47

More commonly used for the FIRST LINE EVALUATION for tubal patency and abnormalities. [tubal evaluation]

Answer 47

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG)

Question 48

Gold standard for assessing the uterine cavity.

Answer 48

Hysteroscopy

Question 49

It is highly sensitive and specific for all intrauterine abnormalities and is adequate as a screening tool before infertility treatment, with or without 3-D model rendering

Answer 49

Saline Infusion Sonogram (SIS)

Question 50

Simultaneous detection of 2 gamma rays on opposite sides of the body. [Positron Emission Tomography]

Answer 50

Coincidence Detection

Question 51

[4] Types of Coincidence Detection [TSRM]

Answer 51

1. True coincidence 2. Scatter coincidence 3. Random coincidence 4. Multiple coincidence

Question 52

By having a RING OF DETECTORS surrounding the patient, it is possible to build a map of the distribution of the positioning emitting isotope in the body. [tomography]

Answer 52

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Question 53

It employs electronic collimation. [tomography]

Answer 53

Positron Emission Tomography

Question 54

Measures capability of a system to detect “trues” and reject “randoms”. [tomography]

Answer 54

PET sensitivity

Question 55

Carbon-11 [mins]

Answer 55

20 mins