Nuclear Medicine Flashcards by chiaseeds YJH

Q

A specialized area of radiology that uses very small amounts of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and structure.

A

Nuclear medicine

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Q

It is related to organ function.

[nuclear/diagnostic]

A

Nuclear medicine

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Q

It is related to anatomical structures.

[nuclear/diagnostic]

A

Diagnostic radiology

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Q

It is a combination of many different discipline.

A

Nuclear imaging

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Q

These include chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer technology, and medicine.

A

Nuclear imaging

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Q

These include chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer technology, and medicine.

A

Branch of radiology

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Q

Enables VISUALIZATION OF ORGAN and TISSUE STRUCTURE as well as function.

A

Nuclear imaging

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Q

Used primarily to STUDY ANATOMY.

A

Diagnostic X-rays

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Q

Absorbed by the tissue during nuclear imaging to assist in the exam.

A

Radioactive substance

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Q

Also known as radiopharmaceutical or radioactive tracer.

A

Radionuclide

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Q

Perform tests for diagnosis and medical research.

A

Nuclear Medicine Technologist

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Q

Prepare and give small doses of radioactive drugs.

A

Nuclear Medicine Technologist

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Q

Give doses of radiation to patients internally to treat medical conditions.

A

Nuclear Medicine Technologist

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Q

Explain the procedure/test.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Pre-examination procedures

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Q

Relevant patient history.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Pre-injection

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Q

Current symptoms, physical findings.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Pre-injection

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Q

Results of previous radionuclide imaging.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Pre-injection

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Q

Results of other imaging studies such as conventional radiographs, CT, MRI.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Pre-injection

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Q

Relevant laboratory results.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Pre-injection

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Q

Should be administered by the intravenous route.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Radiopharmaceutical administration

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Q

Void frequently during interval between injection and imaging.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Post-injection

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Q

Between 2-5 hours after injection.

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Image acquisition

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Q

Later (6-24 hours) delayed images (higher target to background ratio and may permit better evaluation).

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Image acquisition

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Q

No particular processing procedure is needed for planar images (2D).

[procedure for nuclear imaging]

A

Image processing

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In cases of SPECT and PET one should take into account the different types of gamma camera and software available; careful choice of imaging processing parameters should be adopted in order to optimize the imaging quality. [procedure for nuclear imaging]

Image processing

[3] Components of gamma camera [CDP]

1. Collimator 2. Detector/ Scintillator 3. Photomultiplier

When radiation is released from the patient it can exit at any angle and hit the detection in a location that doesn't correlate with the location of its origin. [gamma camera]

Collimator

Used in which only gamma photons that travel parallel to the collimator will be accepted. [gamma camera]

Collimator

Device made of highly absorbing material such as lead, which selects gamma rays along a particular direction. [gamma camera]

Collimator

Serve to SUPPRESS SCATTER and select a ray orientation. [gamma camera]

Collimator

Made up of sodium iodide crystals (crystal is fluorescent i.e. when a gamma photon interacts it releases light photons→ mixture of visible and UV light) [gamma camera]

Detector/Scintillator

6-13 mm thick [gamma camera]

Detector/Scintillator

PRODUCES MULTI PHOTON FLASHES OF LIGHT flashes of light when an impinging gamma ray, X-ray, or charged particle interacts with the single sodium iodide crystal of which it is compromised. [gamma camera]

Detector/Scintillator

Multiply the small amount of light detected from the scintillation crystal to a large signal.

Photomultiplier tubes (PMT)

Gamma camera contains about how much about amount of PMT behind the scintillation crystal.

30-100

An EXTREMELY SENSITIVE PHOTOCELL used to convert light signals of a few hundred photons into a usable current pulse.

Photomultiplier tubes (PMT)

Converts the current produced at the anode of the PMT to a voltage pulse.

Pre-amplifier

Full energy absorbed by crystal.

Photoelectric

Proportion of energy absorbed by crystal.

Comptom

Produces a 2D image which is analogous to an X-ray scan with no depth information and structures at different depths are superimposed.

Planar Scintigraphy - Planar imaging

It is an imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs.

Single Photon Emitted Computed Tomography (SPECT)

It may be used to help diagnose seizures, stroke, stress fractures, infections, and tumors in the spine.

Single Photon Emitted Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Was developed as an ENHANCEMENT OF PLANAR IMAGING; method of acquiring tomographic slices through a patient.

Single Photon Emitted Computed Tomography (SPECT)

DETECTS EMITTED GAMMA PHOTONS (one at a time) in multiple directions. [tomography]

Single Photons Emitted Computed Tomography (SPECT)

After 6 degree camera halts for 20-30 seconds and acquired the view of the patient. [tomography]

Single Photon Emitted Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Is a nuclear medicine imaging technique which PRODUCES 3D IMAGES or picture of FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES IN THE BODY. [tomography]

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Useful in REVEALING or EVALUATING several conditions, including many cancers, heart disease and brain disorders. [tomography]

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

The system detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron emitting radionuclide (tracer). [tomography]

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Carbon - 11 [mins]

20 mins

Nitrogen-13 [mins]

10 mins

Oxygen - 15 [mins]

2 mins

Fluorine -18 [mins]

110 mins

These are used to EXAMINE KIDNEYS and to FIND ANY ABNORMALITIES. These include abnormal function or obstruction of the renal blood flow. [nuclear imaging scans]

Renal scans

These are used to EVALUATE THYROID FUNCTION or to better evaluate a thyroid nodule or mass. [nuclear imaging scans]

Thyroid scans

These are used to evaluate any degenerative and/or arthritic changes in the joints, to find bone diseases and tumors, and/or to determine the cause of bone pain or inflammation. [nuclear imaging scans]

Bone scans

These are used to diagnose active infectious and/or inflammatory diseases, tumors, and abscesses. [nuclear imaging scans]

Gallium scans

These are used to identify abnormal blood flow to the heart, to determine the extent of the damage of the heart muscle after a heart attack, and/or to measure heart function. [nuclear imaging scans]

Heart functions

These are used to investigate problems within the brain and/or in the blood circulation to the brain. [nuclear imaging scans]

Brains scans

These are often used in conjunction with mammograms to locate cancerous tissue in the breast. [nuclear imaging scans]

Breast scans

Skeleton and heart muscle imaging, brain, thyroid, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, gall bladder, bone marrow, salivary and lacrimal glands, heart blood pool, infection [radionuclides]

Technetium - 99m

6 hrs [radionuclides]

Technetium - 99m

[2] Used for pulmonary ventilation studies. [radionuclides]

Xenon - 133 Krypton - 81

[2] 5 days [radionuclides]

Xenon - 133 Krypton - 81

Used for CSF studies in the brain. [radionuclides]

Ytterbium - 169

32 days [radionuclides]

Ytterbium - 169

[8 days] Thyroid imaging [radionuclides]

Iodine 131

[78hrs] TUMOR IMAGING and localization of inflammatory lesions (infections). [radionuclides]

Gallium 67

[2.8 days] Used for BRAIN STUDIES, infection, colon transit studies. [radionuclides]

Indium 111

[65hrs] PET agent in myocardial perfusion imaging. [radionuclides]

Rubidium 82

Produces multi photon flashes of light when an impinging gamma ray, X-ray, or charged particle interacts with the single sodium iodide crystal of which it is compromised. [gamma camera]

Detector/Scintillator Counter

Not only detects the presence and type of particle or radiation, but also MEASURE THEIR ENERGY. [gamma camera]

Detector/Scintillator Counter

An extremely SENSITIVE PHOTOCELL used to convert light signals of a few hundred photons into a usable current pulse. [gamma camera]

Photomultiplier tubes (PMT)

60 views are taken from different directions and these data can be used to construct multi planar images of the study area. [tomography]

Single Photon Emitted Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Simultaneous DETECTION of 2 gamma rays on OPPOSITE SIDES of the body.

Coincidence Detection

By having a RING OF DETECTORS surrounding the patient, it is possible to build a map of the distribution of the positioning emitting isotope in the body. [tomography]

Positron Emission Tomography