Safety & Hazard

Question 1

This standard applies to all exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials in any occupational setting.

Answer 1

Bloodborne pathogens

Question 2

It defines hazardous substances and provides guidance for evaluating and communicating identified hazards.

Answer 2

Hazard communication

Question 3

Requires the appointment of a chemical hygiene officer and the development of a chemical hygiene plan to reduce or eliminate occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals.

Answer 3

Laboratory standard

Question 4

An approach to infection control in which all human blood, tissue, and most fuids are handled as if known to be infectious for the human immunodefciency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and other bloodborne pathogens.

Answer 4

Universal precaution

Question 5

Expose an unprotected individual to bacteria, viruses, parasites, other biological entities that can result in injury.

Answer 5

Biological hazard

Question 6

Described four levels of biosafety, which consist of combinations of laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment, and laboratory facilities.

Answer 6

CDC & NIH

Question 7

Basically a chemical reaction that involves the rapid oxidation of a combustible material or fuel, with the subsequent liberation of heat and light. In the clinical chemistry laboratory, all the elements essential for fire to begin are present—fuel, heat or ignition source, and oxygen (air).

Answer 7

Fire hazard

Question 8

Ordinary combustible solid materials, such as paper, wood, plastic, and fabric.

[classification of fire]

Answer 8

Class A

Question 9

flammable, liquids/gases and combustible petroleum products.

[classification of fire]

Answer 9

Class B

Question 10

energized, electrical, equipment.

[classification of fire]

Answer 10

Class C

Question 11

combustible/reactive, metals, such as magnesium, sodium, and potassium.

[classification of fire]

Answer 11

Class D

Question 12

It can result in death, shock, or burns.

Answer 12

Direct hazards

Question 13

It can result in fire or explosion.

Answer 13

Indirect hazards

Question 14

These physical actions can, over time, contribute to repetitive strain disorders such as tenosynovitis, bursitis, and ganglion cysts.

Answer 14

Ergonomic hazard

Question 15

It is essential that only properly trained personnel work with radioisotopes. Good work practices must consistently be employed to ensure that contamination and inadvertent internalization are avoided.

Answer 15

Personal protection

Question 16

1.7 million HAIs, with almost 100,000 deaths.

Answer 16

2000

Question 17

722,000 documented HAIs, with 75,000 deaths.

Answer 17

2011

Question 18

687,000 HAIs, with 72,000 deaths.

Answer 18

2015

Question 19

More than 119,000 had bloodstream staph infections, almost 20,000 died.

Answer 19

2017

Question 20

It may originate from an exogenous or endogenous source as part of the natural fora.

Answer 20

Bacteria

Question 21

Occurs when there is a breakdown of the host immune system functions.

Answer 21

Opportunistic bacterial infection

Question 22

Include coagulase- negative Staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species,
and Enterococcus species (e.g. faecalis, faecium)

Answer 22

Gram positive organism

Question 23

Include species of the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter species; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Burkholderia cepacian.

Answer 23

Gram negative organism

Question 24

Commonly seen in HAI and are associated with significant mortality.

Answer 24

Multidrug-resistant bacteria

Question 25

Usually associated with opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients and those with indwelling devices, such as central lines or urinary catheters.

Answer 25

Fungal pathogens

Question 26

The most commonly encountered fungal organisms associated with HAI.

Answer 26

Candida species

Question 27

Poses a serious problem as a globally emerging multidrug-resistant organism with high morbidity and mortality due to difculty with diagnoses and high rates of treatment failure.

Answer 27

Candida auris

Question 28

Infections due to viral pathogens are the least reported, making up 1-5% of all HAIs pathogens.

Answer 28

Viruses

Question 29

(also known as a central venous catheter) is a catheter (tube) that doctors often place in large vein in the neck, chest, or groin to give medication or fluids or to collect blood for medical tests.

Answer 29

Central line

Question 30

They are different from IVs because it access a major vein that is close to the heart.

Answer 30

Central lines

Question 31

Commonly used in intensive care units.

Answer 31

Central lines

Question 32

Typically occurs when bacteria on the skin proliferate along the external portion of the catheter toward the intravascular part. Contamination of the CVC during insertion or manipulation process or by hematogenous seeding are other ways CLABSI can occur.

Answer 32

CLABSI

Question 33

3 types of Surgical Site Infection (SSI)

Answer 33

1. Superficial SSI 2. Deep SSI 3. Organ or space-specific SSI

Question 34

Involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissues; [SSI]

Answer 34

Superficial SSI

Question 35

Involves the muscle or facia. [SSI]

Answer 35

Deep SSI

Question 36

Occupy the anatomic vicinity of surgery. [SSI]

Answer 36

Organ or space specific SSI

Question 37

A drainage tube that is inserted into the urinary bladder through the urethra, is left in place, and is connected to a closed collection system.

Answer 37

Indwelling urinary catheter

Question 38

A urine containment device that fits over or adheres to the genitalia and is attached to a urinary drainage bag.

Answer 38

External catheter

Question 39

Surgically inserted into the bladder through an incision above the pubis.

Answer 39

Suprapubic catheter

Question 40

CAUTI means

Answer 40

Catheter - associated Urinary Tract Infections

Question 41

It is an infection involving any part of the urinary system, including urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidney.

Answer 41

Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

Question 42

Occur when bacteria track along the extraluminal surface of the catheter and enter from the urethral meatus to the bladder. [CAUTI]

Answer 42

Extraluminal infections

Question 43

Arises when there is urinary stasis, usually due to blocked drainage or ascending infection from the intraluminal side of a contaminated catheter. [CAUTI]

Answer 43

Intraluminal infections

Question 44

The most common CAUTI pathogen.

Answer 44

E.coli

Question 45

VAP means

Answer 45

Ventilator - associated pneumonia

Question 46

A nosocomial pneumonia that occurs in patients who have been on a mechanical respirator for more than 48 hours.

Answer 46

Ventilator - associated pneumonia (VAP)

Question 47

CDI means

Answer 47

Clostridioides Difficile Infection

Question 48

The single most common organism encountered in HAI. CDI causes antibiotic associated diarrhea and colitis.

Answer 48

C. difficile

Question 49

Estimated VAP to occur in mechanically ventilated patients.

Answer 49

9% - 27%

Question 50

Estimated mortality rate for VAP in earlier studies.

Answer 50

33% - 50%

Question 51

Estimate mortality rate for VAP based on 2013 studies.

Answer 51

9% - 13%

Question 52

The most critical risk factor for CAUTI.

Answer 52

Duration of catheterization.

Question 53

Are injurious to the skin or eyes by direct contact or to the tissue of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts if inhaled or ingested.

Answer 53

Corrosive chemicals

Question 54

Are substances that, under certain conditions, can spontaneously explode or ignite or that evolve heat or flammable or explosive gases.

Answer 54

Reactive chemicals

Question 55

Are substances that have been determined to be cancer-causing agents.

Answer 55

Carcinogens

Question 56

A common example of a known carcinogen.

Answer 56

Benzidine