Fetal Development and NTD (Week 2)

Question 0

this is the time when the placenta forms

Answer 0

germinal period

Question 1

fertilization to 2 weeks gestational

Answer 1

germinal

Question 2

during the germinal period, what is the name for whats growing?

Answer 2

blastocyte

Question 3

2nd to the 8th week gestational?

Answer 3

embryonic period

Question 4

the time period when major malformations can occur?

Answer 4

embryonic period

Question 5

what is the baby considered during the embryonic period?

Answer 5

embryo

Question 6

9 weeks to birth?

Answer 6

fetal period

Question 7

first trimester

Answer 7

first 12 weeks

Question 8

second trimester?

Answer 8

13-28 weeks

Question 9

third trimester

Answer 9

29-40 weeks

Question 10

this period is for most sensory and motor development

Answer 10

fetal period

Question 11

this germ layer makes up the nervous system, epithelium, eyes, inner ear and many CTs

Answer 11

ectoderm

Question 12

this germ layer makes up the heart, circulatory system, and bones and muscles

Answer 12

mesoderm

Question 13

this germ layer makes up the lungs, intestines, and lining of many organs

Answer 13

endoderm

Question 14

major anatomical issues arise during which weeks?

Answer 14

3-8

Question 15

functional defects and minor anatomical issues occur during these weeks

Answer 15

8-38

Question 16

window during which organs are very sensitive to growth and damage?

Answer 16

critical window

Question 17

what is the term for the things that pose threats in development?

Answer 17

teratogen

Question 18

This fetal system matures as the baby swallows amniotic fluid and urinates to produce more?

Answer 18

digestive system

Question 19

this system develops in the fetus by breathing in amniotic fluid

Answer 19

respiratory

Question 20

this fetal system provides oxygenation and nutrition

Answer 20

fetal circulation

Question 21

true or false: fetus circulation includes the pulmonary circulation

Answer 21

false

Question 22

what is the structure that helps cushion the fetus, allows for movement of the limbs, promotes symmetrical growth, and helps with temp regulation and overall development?

Answer 22

amniotic fluid

Question 23

what is oligohydramnios?

Answer 23

too little amniotic fluid

Question 24

what is the main concern with oligohydramnios (2)?

Answer 24

problems with sucks and swallow | can lead to underdeveloped lungs

Question 25

what is polyhydramnios? what is it usually caused by

Answer 25

too much amniotic fluid due to maternal issues

Question 26

What issues can arise with polyhydramnios?

Answer 26

certain malformations that obstruct AF circulation

Question 27

when does fetal movement begin?

Answer 27

6 weeks

Question 28

true or false: muscles begin to move as soon as they are innervated

Answer 28

true

Question 29

when does the mother start to feel the baby move?

Answer 29

16-20 weeks

Question 30

what actions are commonly seen during the first trimester?

Answer 30

12 weeks | thumb sucking and swallowing

Question 31

what actions are commonly seen with second trimester?

Answer 31

18-28 weeks | kicking

Question 32

what action is commonly seen during the third trimester?

Answer 32

stepping

Question 33

when does neurulation begin

Answer 33

18 days after fertilization

Question 34

What is a group of malformations of the CNS resulting in incomplete closure?

Answer 34

neural tube defects

Question 35

when do neural tube defects occur?

Answer 35

first month of gestation

Question 36

3 main types of NTD?

Answer 36

1. Spina Bifida 2. Encephalocele 3. Anencephaly

Question 37

This problem arises when the midline of the neural tube does not close properly so a portion of the brain is malformed and protrudes?

Answer 37

encephalocele

Question 38

Spastic diplegia, hydrocephalus, seizure, and intellectual problems are common among this type of NTD

Answer 38

encephalocele

Question 39

this NTD develops when the vertebral arches do not close properly

Answer 39

spina bifida

Question 40

3 main types of spina bifida

Answer 40

1. spina bifida oculta 2. meningocele 3. meningomyelocele

Question 42

which is the most common form of SB

Answer 42

SBO

Question 43

This is associated with all forms of SB

Answer 43

tethered cord syndrome

Question 44

a hairy patch, birthmark, or small bump on the lower back may be an indication of this?

Answer 44

tethered cord syndrome

Question 45

What occurs with meningocele?

Answer 45

an exposed meningeal sac that requires surgical repair

Question 46

Why does incontinence occur with meningocele?

Answer 46

because SN S2-S4 are effected and they control bowel movements

Question 47

This occurs when there is a herniation of meninges and SC into a sac

Answer 47

meningomyelocele

Question 48

True or False: Meningomyelocele is commonly seen in thoracic and lumbar?

Answer 48

False, Lumbar and sacral

Question 49

chiari type 2, neurogenic bowel, and hydrocephalus are all common in this NTD

Answer 49

meningomyelocele

Question 50

These are characterized by structural malformation of the cerebellum and 4th ventricle and this brain tissue extends into the SC

Answer 50

chiari type 2 malformation

Question 51

This is characterized by an excess of CSF leading to enlargement of the ventricles; shunting is often used to counter this?

Answer 51

congenital hydrocephalus

Question 52

what is a common allergy seen with NTD?

Answer 52

latex

Question 53

what is an example of an impaired secondary neurulation

Answer 53

agenesis of the corpus callosum

Question 54

4 steps of neurogenesis

Answer 54

1. proliferation-production of nerve cells 2. migration-organization 3. pruning and synaptogenesis 4. myelination- speed

Question 55

What disorder occurs when there is an impairment in the proliferation of cells?

Answer 55

Microcephaly

Question 56

during migration, what two things help with this process

Answer 56

radial glial cells | reelin- assist in guiding

Question 57

What 2 disorder occurs when there is an impairment in the migration of cells?

Answer 57

Lissencephaly-reelin is not produced | Seizures-due to angular not vertical projections

Question 58

Why is the cerebellum at such a high risk for issues?

Answer 58

because it takes a really long time to develop

Question 59

This is a term used when there is lack of part or all of the cerebellum?

Answer 59

cerebellar hypoplasia

Question 60

This is the process of making proper neuronal connection

Answer 60

synaptogenesis

Question 61

this is the process of eliminating redundant neurons

Answer 61

pruning/aptosis

Question 62

what are leukodystrophies?

Answer 62

an impairment in the myelination; the white matter degenerates due to improper growth white matter disorder