Teratogens (Week 5) Flashcards by Nicole Venditti

What are substances, deficits, conditions that have an adverse effect on development, leading to birth defects or death?

Teratogens

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When must teratogens be presented to cause adverse affects?

critical windows of development

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(T/F) Fetus is susceptible to environmental/chemical factors throughout gestation.

True

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Along w/teratogen exposure, what can increase the severity of effects?

genetics

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Name FDA Drug category

Human studies show no risk in 1st trimester, but no evidence for later trimesters

Category A

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Name FDA Drug category

Human fetal risk, but benefits may outweigh risks

Category D

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Name FDA Drug category

FDA has not classified the drug

Category N

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Name FDA Drug category

Animal studies show no risk, but no adequate human studies

Category B

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Name FDA Drug category

Human fetal risk, benefits DO NOT outweigh risks

Category X

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Name FDA Drug category

Animal studies show no risk, but no adequate human studies, but benefits may outweigh risks

Category C

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What FDA Drug category are Thalidomide and Accutane?

Category X

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What FDA category are anti-depressants, ACE, anti-coagulants?

Category C & D

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Drug used in the 50s and 60s to control morning sickness that resulted in infants born w/birth defects

Thalidomide

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When was lead banned in paint and gas?

interior paint = 1978

gasoline = 1990s

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Effect of lead poisoning on adults

peripheral neuropathy

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Effect of high blood levels of lead on kids

seizures, coma, death

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Effect of low blood levels of lead on kids

o Damage to CNS structures
o Impact neurotransmitter function
o Abnormal myelination
o Disruption of neuron migration during development

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How can someone get mercury poisoning?

ingestion (bio-accumulates) or inhale methylmercury

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T/F

Vaccines given to kids can cause autism bc of mercury exposure.

False

Vaccines contain ethylmercury not methylmercury

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Effects of high doses of prenatal mercury exposure

brain damage
microcephaly
seizures
severe motor and cognitive deficits

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Effects of low doses of prenatal mercury exposure

IQ deficits
memory and language impairment
visual perceptual impairment

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What fish should you eat when pregnant?

fish high in Omega-3 FA for neural development

- avoid fish high in food chain (mercury bio-accumulates)

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Heavy metal treatment

chelation therapy

What 4 factors influence the damage of FASD?

 1. Amount consumed
 2. Timing
 3. Duration of consumption
 4. Genetics

T/F | FASD causes different facial characteristics depending on ethnicicty

False

If baby is exposed to this pre/postnatally they have: - increased risk SIDS - increase risk ear infections and asthma

smoking

``` What could cause a baby to have: ADHD Microcephaly LD Physical dysabilities Behavioral issues ```

FASD

what can increase risk of cleft palate, premature or LBW, miscarrage or stillborn?

smoking during pregnancy

``` These are all examples of? o Bisphenol-A (BPA) o Phthalates o Dioxins o Flame retardants o DDT (pesticide) o Plastics with the numbers 3, 6, 7, recycling triangle o Lining of vegetable cans ```

endocrine disruptors

What are endocrine disruptors?

chemicals that negatively impacting development, reproduction, immunity & neurology in humans and wildlife

What are PCBs?

Polychlorinated biphenyls | - used in electronics, paint, pesticides, plastics until 1970s

How do PCBs get into our systems?

- eating fish bc PCBs are fat soluble and bio-accumulate

High exposure to PCBs can cause (3)

1. Cognitive delays 2. behavioral disorders 3. growth retardation

deficiency of folic acid (B9 and B12) can cause

NTDs (bc folate is important for neuralation)

What contains Vitamin A? | Effects of too much during pregnancy?

- retinol and carotenoids | - birth defects

Inhaling or ingesting the following substance can cause: o Cancer o Endocrine and reproductive issues o Decreased cognitive skills and attention o Risk of developmental delay o ADHD o Autism

pesticides and insecticides

When is exposure to german measles (rubella) the most dangerous?

1st trimester

Prevention of rubella?

MMR vaccine

Effects on baby exposed to rubella (4)

1. heart probs 2. hearing and vision loss 3. Intellectual disability 4. liver or spleen damage

If baby is fine at birth but develops - hearing loss, vision probs, neurological and development probs later on they may have been exposed to?

CMV (cytomegalovirus)

Parasitic infection usually from cat litter or uncooked meat

toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis can cause (3)

- seizures - intellectual disability - blindness

T/F | You can pass a change in your genetic code on to your kids.

True

Study of how some genes can be turned on and off through chemical rxns. Environmental chemical exposure could cause these rxns.

Epigenetics

only inherit 1 vs 2 working copies of gene

imprinted gene disorder

gene alleles are expressed only by maternal or paternal

imprinted neurogenic disorder

Is fragile X syndrome more common and severe in boys or girls?

boys | 1:4000

What gene is affected in fragile X and is it dominant or recessive?

X-linked dominant | mutation of FMR1 gene

What disorder shows prominent facial features, frequent co-diagnosis w/autism, hypermobile joints, significant intellectual disabilities?

Fragile X

Sister syndrome of prader willi

angelman syndrome

What gene is affected w/Angelman syndrome?

Absence or mutation of a non-imprinted gene UBE3A on the mother’s chromosome #15 or two paternal copies

What gene is affected w/Prader Willi syndrome?

Partial deletion or abnormality on father’s chromosome #15 or two maternal copies

These kids are: - fair skin and blonde hair - happy demeanor - severe developmental delay - ataxia/jerky mvmt - epilepsy - microcephally

Angelman syndrome

These kids: - initial failure to thrive but then hyperphagia - hypotonia - behavioral issues (OCD) - developmental and cognitive delays - smaller stature, small hands/feet

Prader-willi syndrome

what syndrome is only in females and is under same umbrella as autism?

Rett Syndrome

What causes Rett syndrome?

Mutation of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) which is needed for brain development

List 6 common symptoms of Rett syndrome.

1. making sounds (sometimes non-verbal) 2. hand wringing 3. apraxia 4. scoliosis 5. distant stare 6. hyperventilation and apnea