Final Flashcards

Question

vision disorders

Answer 1

- cataracts- hardening of lenses over time - glaucoma- optic nerve damaged due to intraocular pressure - macular degeneration- more common and challenging diagnosis ->blurred or reduced central vision, due to thinning of the macula

Answer 2

- biggest impact on very young and elderly - consolidation- sputum production -> coughing -> degraded respiratory system -> only way to get over it - considered at risk : - the elderly - those with underlying health problems - depressed immune system - those who are generally immobile, confined to bed or have conditions that limit deep breathing

Answer 3

- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - degenerative process - permanent - set of diseases characterized by bronchial obstruction and airway inflammation: - chronic bronchitis - emphysema - prevention: - Cessation of smoking - Avoidance of certain environmental pollutants - Immunization for influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia

Answer 4

- leading cause of long term disability - risk double each decade after 35 - family members/caregivers give information about: - baseline cognitive status and physical status - personality - ADL- daily living - LKW- last known well** -> most important - evaluation patients ability to perform basic cognitive functions

Answer 5

- produces irreversible brain failure - short term memory loss, short attention span - jargon aphasia - confusion and disorientation - difficulty retaining new information - personality changes - two most common degenerative dementias:******** - Alzheimer disease - multi-infarct or vascular dementia- caused by stroke

Answer 6

- diagnosed when two or more cognitive or psychomotor brain functions are impaired: - language- aphasia - memory- short and long term - visual perception - emotional behavior/personality - cognitive skills

Answer 7

- most common hospital associated infection causing sepsis (HAI) - usually develop in lower urinary tract where normal flora grow in the urethra - more common in women - indwelling device- highest risk (folley catheter) - regular straight catheter next highest risk - external urinary assistance- next highest risk

Answer 8

- polypharmacy becomes problematic when medications interact: - dosages not adjusted for multiple medications - multiple organs affected increased likelihood of adverse reactions - chances of being hospitalized increases with number of medications - best dosage- lowest drug that achieves therapeutic effect - medications may not be received because of caregiver theft

Answer 9

- acute inflammation in skin caused by bacterial infection ******* - usually affects lower extremities - third spacing of fluid - capillary failing process - venous return failing process - bacteria likes warm and dark - cooling of fluid in the peripheral - venous system wont work efficiently

Answer 10

- occur from pressure applied to body tissue, result in lack of perfusion and necrosis - possible risk factors: - brain or spinal cord injury - neuromuscular disorders- Guillain-Barre - nutritional problems

Answer 11

- progressive joint disease - formation of bone spurs in joints -> leading to stiffness - though to result from: - joint wear and tear - repetitive joint trauma - time heals everything

Answer 12

- some disorder of mood, thought, or behavior that interferes with activities of daily living (ADLs) - physiological response of emergent - emergent nature to you and your lifestyle -> not necessarily emergency care - ex. OCD - BH- behavioral health

Answer 13

- behavior that threatens a persons health or safety and the health and safety of another person - danger to self and others - ex. someone threatening to stab someone else and themselves

Answer 14

- posture- sitting tensely - speech- load, critical, threatening - motor activity- unable to sit still, easily startled - clenched fists, avoidance of eye contact - your own feelings

Answer 15

- patients typically have abnormally exaggerated happiness with hyperactivity and insomnia ******** - insomnia is used to diagnose mania******** - pressured and rapid speech - tangential thinking - grandiose and unrealistic ideas - be calm, firm, and patient - minimize external stimulation

Answer 16

- Guilt - Appetite - Sleep disturbance - Paying attention - (decreased) Interest - Psychomotor abnormalities - (decreased) energy - suicidal thoughts

Answer 17

- typical onset occurs during early adulthood - experience may include: - delusions - hallucinations - a flat affect- no emotion in speech, neutral - erratic speech

Answer 18

- know as atypical antipsychotic (AAP) drugs - relieve delusions and hallucinations - improve symptoms of anxiety and depression - may cause metabolic side effects - cardiovascular effects depends on medication - erectile dysfunction in men - bipolar and schizophrenia -> leading

Answer 19

- from infancy to 18 and can be inflicted by any number of caregivers. - A child’s behavior is one of the most important indicators of abuse. - Soft tissue injuries are common indicators of abuse, especially multiple bruises in different places on the body, in different stages of healing, and/or with distinctive shapes. - Majority of states require healthcare workers to report suspicions of child abuse - malnutrition - severe diaper rash - diarrhea or dehydration - hair loss - untreated medical conditions - inappropriate, dirty, or torn clothing - tired or listless attitudes - nearly constant demands for physical contact or attention

Answer 20

- ketalar - used as an anesthetic - 10 times more potent than valium - hallucinogenic effects last 45-90 minutes - duration up to 24 hours - widely used in veterinary practice - used in human anesthesia - characteristics: - potent anesthetic agent with dissociative effects - colorless, odorless liquid - white - off-white powder - effects: - hallucinations - delirium - amnesia - dissociation - respiratory depression - seizures - arrhythmias - cardiac arrest - hypertension

Answer 21

- K - special K - vitamin K - jet - green - kay - mauve - special LA - super acid

Answer 22

- one of the most abused amphetamines by teenagers/college students - large dose = same effects as amphetamines - onset within 20-60 minutes - 2-3 hour duration - characteristics: - 10% the stimulant effect of amphetamines - potent serotonin release - mood alteration, sleep, anxiety - poor memory, poor impulse control - use of other drugs - tolerance - MI, dysrhythmias, CVA - seizures - serotonin syndrome - permanent damage to serotonin neurons - hyperthermia 109*

Answer 23

- ecstasy - E - adam - XTC - M&M - eve - love drug - M - beans - roll

Answer 24

- attaches to the inner lining of the wall of the uterus and connects to the fetus by the umbilical cord (life line) - the placental barrier consists of two layers of cells - very vascular - the umbilical vein (1) carries oxygenated blood from the women to the fetus** - the umbilical arteries (2) carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the woman**

Answer 25

- the fetus develops inside a fluid filled baglike membrane called the amniotic sac, or bag of waters - 500-1,000mL (ccs) of amniotic fluid - fluid helps insulate and protect the fetus in development - fluid increases as you get further along - fluid is released in a gush (sometimes) when the sac ruptures, usually at the beginning of labor - you can break the water manually - you can remove the baby with the sac present if premature

Answer 26

- onset of contractions as the fetus enters the birth canal - Braxton hicks- contractions prior to delivery (not always present) - longer, more frequent, more painful, more regular, and short time in-between contractions before *** - 0-1 cm dilation initially -> full cervical dilation is 10 cm dilated - usually the longest stage, lasting an average of 16 hours - quicker in lower weight children or previous pregnancy - uterine contractions become more regular and last about 30-60 seconds each (60 seconds is usually peak) - toco monitor- assess baby heart beat - ultrasound to check positioning

Answer 27

head of the fetus descends into the women's pelvic as it positions for delivery

Answer 28

- some women experience a premature rupture of the amniotic sac -> fetus not ready to be born -> provide supportive care and transport - PROM- premature rupture of membrane

Answer 29

- fetus begins to encounter the birth canal past the cervix - ends when the infant is born (spontaneous birth) by vaginal delivery (or c-section) - uterine contractions are usually closer together and last longer - never let the mother sit on the toilet -> catheterized - the perineum will bulge significantly (gets larger), and the top of the infants head will appear at the vaginal opening (or limb/butt -> breached) -> this is crowning

Answer 30

- begins with the birth of the infant and ends with the delivery of the placenta - the placenta must completely separate from the uterine wall -> not done forcefully, its done naturally (can cause hemorrhage) - always follow standard precautions to protect yourself, the infant, and the mother from exposure to body fluids

Answer 31

- common complication - pregnancy induced hypertension - protein in the urine - visual disturbances -> photophobia - swelling in hands, feet, umbilical cavity - 140/80/90 -> at risk for preeclampsia - can continue for at least two weeks post-partum - can develop after the 30th week of gestation (some as early as 20) - signs and symptoms include headache, seeing of spots, swelling in the hands and feet, anxiety, and high blood pressure - not sure what causes it but some women are more predisposed

Answer 32

- characterized by seizures* that occur as a result of hypertension - assume its a eclamptic seizure before anything else - life threatening - to treat: - lie the patient on her side, preferably the left - maintain an airway - provide supplemental oxygen - if vomiting occurs, suction the airway - provide rapid transport and call for ALS - IV magnesium in very high doses (4-6G) **- to stop seizures

Answer 33

- the leading cause of maternal death in the first trimester is internal hemorrhage following rupture of an ectopic pregnancy - hemorrhage from the vagina that occurs before labor begins may be very serious - painless bleeding is most commonly caused by placenta previa - part of or all of placenta attaches on uterine wall and around cervix and vaginal opening -> as long as its not a lot and they arnt anemic its ok

Answer 34

- fetal circulation - dont need lungs to breath - bypasses pulmonary circulation - lungs are one of the last things to develop - PBA and PFO exist in fetal circulation and then close

Answer 35

-in abruptio placenta, the placenta separates (rips away) prematurely from the wall of the uterus -> leading cause is abdominal trauma (MVA or falls) -> surgical emergency

Answer 36

- increased amount of overall total blood volume - 20% increase in heart rate - may have a significant amount of blood loss before you will see signs of shock - uterus in vulnerable to penetrating trauma and blunt injuries - larger than normal abdominal cavity -> hides blood

Answer 37

- focus on the women - suspect shock based on the MOI - be prepared for vomiting and aspiration (medicine for pregnancy nausea is different for nonpregnant) - attempt to determine the gestational period to assist you with determining the size of the fetus and the position of the uterus - fetal depression the vena cava -> limited venous return -> obstructive shock -> never lay pregnant patient supine - lay left lateral recumbent - 1. have you felt the baby move or kick or 2. use a fetal doppler? -> no risk or demise**

Answer 38

- must be treated in the hospital - umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the infant - rupture can happen - can be caused by abruptio placentae - fetus compress umbilical cord -> cuts off oxygen -> no nutrients, bradycardia, fetal demise - do not push the cord back into the vagina - put in knee chest position - Trendelenburg's position - insert your gloved hand into the vagina, and push the infants head away from the umbilical cord

Answer 39

- preterm- less than 36 - term- 37-41 - post term- greater than 42

Answer 40

- bleeding that exceeds 500mL is considered excessive - can be measured by the amount of pads bled through - continue to massage the uterus after delivery - check your technique and hand placement if bleeding continues - excessive bleeding is usually caused by the uterine muscles not fully contracting - oxytocin is administered externally to help - uterine contraction can be most helpful way to control internal hemorrhage postpartum - continue massaging the uterus and cover the vagina with a sterile pad - change the pad as often as possible - do not discard and blood soaked pads - place the women in the shock position, administer oxygen, monitor vital signs, and transport her immediately - hysterectomy might be necessary if bleeding out

Answer 41

- hypercoagulapathic - most commonly pulmonary embolism - results from a clot that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in the pulmonary circulation - the obstruction will block blood flow to the lungs and is potentially life threatening - DVT- deep vein thrombosis - encourage to walk around

Answer 42

- compensated- critical abnormalities of perfusion but body is able to maintain adequate perfusion to vital organs - intervention is needed to prevent child from decompensating - decompensated- state of inadequate perfusion - child will be profoundly tachycardic and show signs of poor peripheral perfusion - hypotension is a late and ominous sign - start resuscitation on scene

Answer 43

- fluid resuscitation with isotonic fluids (normal saline or lactated ringers) only - 20 cc/kg Boluses - in decompensated hypovolemic shock with hypotension, begin initial fluid resuscitation on scene - fluid resuscitation before vasopressor - airway management and ventilatory support take priority over circulation management - tachycardia is usually the first sign of circulatory compromise in a child - hypotension is a late finding

Answer 44

- sweating with feeding | - vasopressor

Answer 45

- airway management - supplemental oxygen - assisted ventilation as needed - initially electronic cardiac monitoring - if child is asymptomatic, no further treatment is indicated in the field - if pulse rate is lower than 60 and perfusion is poor: - begin chest compressions - attempt IV or IO access

Answer 46

- supraventricular tachycardia is identified by: - narrow QRS complex - unvarying pulse rate of more than 220 beats/min (infant) or more than 180 beats/min (child) - treatment depends on perfusion and stability - if stable, consider vagal maneuvers while obtaining IV access - if poor perfusion, synchronized cardioversion is recommended

Answer 47

- wide QRS complex tachycardia and palpable pulse is likely V-tach - if stable, consider antidysrhythmic medication - if unstable, use synchronized cardioversion - if pulseless, begin CPR

Answer 48

- hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) - transposition of the great arteries (TGA) - tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) - total anomalous pulmonary vascularly return (TAPVR) - truncus arteriosus - initial management includes cardiorespiratory support and monitoring - typically presents in neonatal period with: - increasing respiratory distress - poor perfusion - cyanosis - cardiovascular collapse if unrecognized - ductal dependent

Answer 49

- atrial septal defects (ASDs)- hole in the interatrial septal wall allowing for blood to move from the right atria into the left atria and vice versa - ventricular septal defects (VSDs)- hole in the interventricular septal wall allowing for blood to move from the right ventricle to the left ventricle and vice versa. - patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)- Closed using NSAIDS. - clinical presentation varies

Answer 50

- condition due to inflammation of the heart - results in myocardial dysfunction - can lead to heart failure - viral infections are common cause

Answer 51

- heart becomes weakened and enlarged - affects pulmonary, hepatic, other systems - typically due to viral infection or medication toxicity

Answer 52

- heart muscle is unusually thick - heart has to pump harder to get blood to leave - patients can present with chest pain, hypertension, syncope, and/or cardiac arrest

Answer 53

- result from abnormal electrical discharges in the brain - pay attention to compromised oxygenation and ventilation, signs of ongoing seizures activity - may be redisposed, or result from: - trauma - metabolic disturbances - ingestion - infection - treatment: - provide 100% supplemental oxygen; bag mask ventilation as indicated for hypoventilation - consider administering a benzodiazepine -> lorazepam, diazepam, or midazolam - measure serum glucose -> treat hypoglycemia

Answer 54

- child must: - be age 6 months to 6 years - have a fever - have a no identifiable precipitating cause - strongest predictor is a history in a first degree relative

Answer 55

seizure lasting more than 20 minutes or two or more seizures without return to baseline

Answer 56

- inflammation or infection of the meninges - viral meningitis- rarely life threatening - bacterial meningitis- potentially fatal - always proceed as if bacterial meningitis - symptoms vary - the younger the child, the more vague - fever - altered mental status - bulging fontanelle - photophobia

Answer 57

- results from impaired circulation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - leads to increased ventricles and ICP - cerebral shunt often used to decrease ICP: - ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts** - ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts - complications of cerebral shunts includes, blockages and over drainage - vomiting - headache - altered LOC - visual changes

Answer 58

- sudden and unexpected death of an infant younger than 1 year for whom a thorough autopsy fails to demonstrate and adequate cause of death - risks: - prematurity; low birth weight - young maternal age - sleeping prone with soft, bulky blankets - exposure to tobacco smoke

Answer 59

- Most of the left sided heart structures are hypoplastic. - Atrial septal defect (ASD) and the mitral valve and aorta are severely narrowed/not formed at all. - Pulsus Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) needs to remain open so that blood can flow into the underdeveloped aorta from the right ventricle. - Prostaglandins are given to keep the PDA open, but the patient needs to become ventilated due to the effects of the drug. - ASD is needed for the patient to survive. - Blood return from both the lungs and systemic circulation are pumped into the right atria. - Babies with HLHS are cyanotic in appearance due to the mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. - Typically called “single ventricle” disorder. - If the child is born at a hospital without the proper hospital personnel, their chances of survival are miniscule.

Answer 60

- Occurs when the aorta and pulmonary artery are transposed. - Oxygen poor blood returns to the right atria and is pumped through the aorta. - Oxygen rich blood returns to the left atria and is pumped into the lungs. - There needs to be an ASD or patent foramen ovale (PFA) so that oxygen rich blood can reach the body. - The PDA is kept open by the use of prostaglandins. - Requires an immediate surgery to survive.

Answer 61

- 4 main features: - Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)- Large hole between the left and right ventricles allowing oxygen poor blood to get into the left ventricle. - Overriding Aorta: Makes it easier for oxygen poor blooc to enter systemic circulation because the aortic valve is not as efficient as it should be. - Pulmonary Stenosis- Narrowing of the pulmonary artery, creating higher pressure at the pulmonary artery and therefore blood will move in the direction of the aorta. - Right Ventricular Hypertrophy- As the heart has to pump under high pressure conditions its muscle begins to thicken causing ineffective contractions leading to CHF. - Can result in a patient becoming cyanotic/having a blue appearance. - Tet-spells: - Usually caused by feeding, crying, or intrathoracic pressure. - Treated with increasing the intrathoracic pressure.

Answer 62

- Congenital defect in which the pulmonary veins do not properly connect to the left atrium. - Oxygen rich blood is instead deposited into the SVC and results in oxygen rich blood not entering systemic circulation directly. - Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the SVC creating purple blood. - Requires an ASD to allow for blood flow to reach systemic circulation. - Requires surgery within the first few weeks of life to survive

Answer 63

- A common trunk that includes both the pulmonary artery and aorta; the vessels never separated. - Constant rises of systemic vascular resistance and preload and afterload conundrum. - A hole called a VSD allows blood to mix before entering the common trunk. - The mixed blood goes into the body and the lungs. - Too much blood moving into the lungs can cause CHF.

Answer 64

- Location - Onset - Radiate - Duration - Severity - wong baker faces scale (1-10) - Timing - Relieve - Aggravates - Character- description - Historic - Eaten - Associated details

Answer 65

- pushing down on abdomen and there is pain -> point tenderness - once you let go -> rebound tenderness

Answer 66

- primary dysmenorrhea occurs with the start of the menstrual flow, lasting 1-2 days** - secondary dysmenorrhea is present before, during, and after the menstrual flow** (all around that period)

Answer 67

flow lasts longer than normal or is excessive - can be a true emergency - especially is anemia is there -> may need iron or blood transfusion - can be ectopic, ruptured cyst, placenta previa etc.

Answer 68

- flow occurs more often than a 24-28 day interval | - bleeding all throughout the cycle

Answer 69

- inflammation or irritation of the endometrium* - more likely after a baby or miscarriage - most likely caused by an infection - malaise - vaginal bleeding (rarely) or discharge - lower abdominal or pelvic pain - decreased bowel sounds - ultrasound - treat with antibiotics - vaginal culture - transport in a comfortable position

Answer 70

- endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus - organs of the pelvic cavity are the most common locations for growths - can grow anywhere -> most common is pelvic cavity - one of the leading causes of infertility - seek care early - no real prevention - pain - dysuria**** - very heavy menstrual periods - bleeding between periods - if the patient reports severe pain: - provide pain relief - use dressing or towels as needed

Answer 71

- infection of the female upper* GU organs - affects SA women most often - organisms enter the vagina and migrate into the uterine cavity and find a place to grow - risk factors: - IUD use- depends on the IUD, how long ago it was placed, how it was placed - frequent sexual activity with multiple partners - history of PID - abdominal pain will be present - during or after normal menstruation - typically diffuse- hard to pinpoint or describe - throughout entire abdominal cavity - be alert for signs or peritoneal cavity irritation-> peritonitis - PID can lead to sepsis - peritonitis can lead to sepsis

Answer 72

- inflammation of the vagina caused by infection - most commonly vaginal yeast infections - yeast population may increase if the vagina becomes less acidic - yeast infection: - itching/burning - soreness - dysuria - vulvar swelling - thick, white vaginal discharge- odor - pain during intercourse - if not treated, vaginitis can lead to: - infertility or preterm birth - endometritis- infections can travel - PID - antibiotics are required for definitive treatment

Answer 73

- can be life threatening - fluid filled sac on or within an ovary - SHARP, STRONG, INTENSE abdominal pain* - functional cyst is the most common** - corpus luteum cyst develops if the sac seals itself after release of the oocyte - cysts arnt bad or life threatening until they rupture - if the cycle of forming sacs is repeated excessively, polycystic ovaries may develop - lack of progesterone and high levels of androgens -> imbalance of hormones - ruptured cyst-possibility of bleeding, horrible pain - abdominal distention and tenderness - dizziness, syncopal episode - surgical emergency

Answer 74

- can be life threatening - ovarian torsion occurs when a cyst does not self-resolve and grows to a significant size - ovary itself gets cut off from the fallopian tubes from the size of a cyst - can lead to disconnect of blood flow to ovary and loss of fertility - sudden onset of severe lower abdominal pain - nausea and vomiting - hospitalization

Answer 75

- life threatening - tubo-ovarian abscess is encountered secondary to a primary infectious agent - fallopian tubes or ovaries become blocked by an infectious mass - removed surgically (sometimes self resolved but not often) - becomes life threatening when it ruptures and becomes PID, peritonitis - severe abdominal pain - guarding and rebound tenderness - nausea and vomiting - abdominal distention - fever*** infection 100-101 F************** test

Answer 76

- a patient with an ovarian cyst may report: - dull achy pain in the lower back and thighs - sharp, specific location, intense pain - abdominal pain or pressure - nausea and vomiting - breast tenderness - abnormal bleeding and painful menstruation

Answer 77

- for patients with ovarian torsion: - start an IV for pain medications and dehydration - administer antiemetics`

Answer 78

- can be life threatening - a form of septic shock caused by streptococcus pyogenes or staphylococcus aureus - can include several body systems - most likely going to start in vagina or uterus - usually starts from forgotten/retained tampon - can progress from minor infections - particularly affects menstruating women - initial symptoms may include: - syncope - myalgia - diarrhea and/or vomiting - sore throat - fever - chills - signs of shock - signs of sepsis - provide: - high flow supplemental oxygen - IV therapy - vasopressors - bc this is a distributive shock state - cardiac monitoring - can lead to infertility, death

Answer 79

- caused by the chlamydia trachomatis - symptoms: - lower abdominal or back pina - pain during intercourse - bleeding between menstrual periods - treated with antibiotics - commonly administered intramuscularly (shot) - very common

Answer 80

- infection of the genitals, buttocks, or anal area caused by herpes simplex virus - type 1: infects the mouth and lips (cold sores) - type 2- primary cause of genital herpes -> herpes simplex VIRUS for genital herpes* - if an outbreak, symptoms can last several weeks and may include: - can be triggered by stress - tingling or sores where the virus entered the body - small red bumps that develop into small blisters and painful sores

Answer 81

- caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae - can grow and multiply in warm, moist areas - symptoms may include: - dysuria - burning or itching - a yellowish or bloody vaginal discharge - foul smelling - treatment should be done early - antibiotics - severe infections may progress to PID - gonococcal pharyngitis- infection of the throat - if not treated, may enter the bloodstream and other parts of the body -> disseminated gonococcemia (in the bloodstream) -> sepsis - can cause meningitis

Answer 82

caused by HPV- causative agent in cervical, vulvar, and anal cancers - vaccine - in pregnant women, warts may impede urination or obstruct the birth canal - some infected people have no symptoms

Answer 83

- caused by treponema pallidum - mandating reporting*- notify the public health authority bc it is rare - signs and symptoms mimic other diseases - manifests in 3 stages - transmission occurs through direct contacts - primary stage- appearance of a single sore - secondary stage- development of mucous membrane lesions and a skin rash - late stage- internal damage -> memory loss, neurological damage, dementia, CNS damage - babies from mothers with syphilis : - stillborn babies - babies who are born blind - developmentally delayed babies - babies who die shortly after birth

Answer 84

- Long-term replacement for ET tubed used for long-term ventilatory support, frequent tracheal suctioning, and airway protection. - Unexpected loss of tube may or may not create an emergency. - Can be placed emergently by healthcare providers is cases of profound upper airway obstruction. - Air passes directly from opening in the anterior neck into the trachea. - Follow DOPE acronym for troubleshooting - stoma- the hole - prone to lung infections/suctioning and issues because there is no humidity or filtering from the mouth/nose - not necessarily on a ventilatory - can be placed emergently by health care providers in cases of profound upper airway obstruction

Answer 85

- used for: - patients being evaluated for tube removal - patients requiring intermittent ventilator support - may be able to speak - breath around it - for patients who dont need complete support - patients who are wheening off of it - has holes

Answer 86

- passes directly from opening in anterior neck into trachea - consists of: - outer cannula - inner cannula - obturator - separated so you can take one part out without taking out the whole thing

Answer 87

- offer noninvasive option for oxygenation and ventilation support - patient causes the breath - ventilator causes the act of breathing-> CPAP, BPAP, BiPAP is supporting the breath - bilevel positive airway pressure- BiPAP- breathing in is one pressure, breathing out is a different pressure -> people find it more comfortable bc its more natural

Answer 88

- provide life saving bridge for patients with critical heart failure - used by patients who: - are awaiting heart transplant- VAD to bridge - need long term treatment when not candidates for heart transplantation - terminal VAD- cannot survive without the heart transplant but are not a candidate - complications: - bleeding- must be on blood thinners for VAD - infection - device failure - correcting problems with battery or power - supportive treatment - contacting care team - 24 hour service

Answer 89

- allows nourishment and water to enter digestive system directly - tube types that go into the stomach: - nasogastric - sometimes can go home, move around - orogastric- hospital in patient is intubated

Answer 90

- peripheral inserted in the vein but the end of it is at the center -> 6 months or less - Long catheter floated upon through a large vein and is usually used for only 6 months or less. - Most common

Answer 91

- higher up, indwelling at home catheter, for patients that may need central lines - Used in an indwelling and at home catheter. - Used in hospitals for patients that need central lines who are not applicable candidates for a central line. - Put in the periphery so it does not qualify as a central line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) - Double or triple lumen central catheter - Hickman, Broviac, and Groshong catheters - Surgically implanted and only accessible via special instrumentation.

Answer 92

- someone requires regular vascular access - blood draws, IV access - chemotherapy - regular need for antibiotics - for administering - placed for a number of reasons - many are maintained with heparin (prevents blood clotting) - contaminated catheters can cause serious infections - sterile technique must be used -> devices are under the skin and will require reimplantation via surgery if it is infection - devices have a limited life span - mechanical failure or accidental removal may occur

Answer 93

- hemodialysis- removes blood through a catheter or fistula | - peritoneal dialysis- solution is sent through a catheter to draw fluids from the body (can be done at home)

Answer 94

- replacement for failed or failing kidneys - as kidney functions declines, substances accumulate in the body - if untreated, these substances may cause death - electrolytes build up- Cl - cardiac automaticity- mg, ca, k, Na - complications: - massive fluid and electrolyte abnormalities - hypovolemia and fluid overload - infection

Answer 95

- infection - shunt valve - malnutrition - catheter damage - altered mental status

Answer 96

- Standard scoring system used to assess the status of a newborn named after Virginia Apgar. - The score should be calculated at 1 min and 5 min after birth. - If there are needs for resuscitation this is performed every five minutes after the initial two scores. - Majority of newborns are born with a score of 8-9, a 10 is very uncommon. - Any score <6 is cause for concern.

Answer 97

- Any infant who is not breathing or does not have adequate respirations are candidates for resuscitation. - Premature infants - Often require resuscitation efforts, which should be performed unless it is physically impossible. - This is due to the fact that the lungs are the last organ to develop during pregnancy, so it the child is born before their lungs develop completely they may have some distress.

Answer 98

- 120 or higher HR at birth - start breathing 15-30s after birth - Evaluate the heart rate at the base of the umbilical cord or the brachial artery. - The heart rate is the most important measure in determining the need for further resuscitation - 3:1 chest compression ratio - 120 rate

Answer 99

- head proportionately larger - vernix is missing or minimal - less hair - less than 5 ibs or earlier than 36 weeks