Final

Question 1

Graded vs action potentials?

Answer 1

Graded: short distance/lived, low energy
Action: long distance, high threshold

Question 2

What is frequency?

Answer 2

More impulses, stronger the stimulus

Question 3

2 things that affect conduction rate?

Answer 3

axon diameter (larger, faster) and degree of myleination (salatory vs. continuos)

Question 4

White matter vs grey matter

Answer 4

white matter- myleinated
grey matter- unmyleinated

Question 5

Three groups of neurons (A, B, C)

Answer 5

A is biggest, C smallest
speed decreases with size
A is most myleinated, C is least

Question 6

What groups of neurons are in ANS?

Answer 6

Group B and C

Question 7

What is neuronal pool?

Answer 7

functioning group of neurons, intergrates and forwards info

Question 8

Draw AP graph, with chemicals going in and out

Answer 8

DRAW

Question 9

What is a simple neuronal pool?

Answer 9

1 fiber branches into a pool

Question 10

Discharge zone vs facilitated zone?

Answer 10

Discharge- closer to fiber, more likely to generate impulse
Facilitated- less likely to generate impulse, must be excited by external source

Question 11

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

Answer 11

excitatory, depolarization, Na and K

Question 12

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

Answer 12

inhibitory, hyperpolarizes, Cl or K

Question 13

Indirect vs direct transmission?

Answer 13

Indirect- neurotransmitters w/ G proteins
Direct- ion binds to channel, faster, shorter

Question 14

How are post synaptic potentials different from APs?

Answer 14

Short distance, chemical channels (not voltage), voltage dependant, no refractory period, no + feedback, use Na, K, Cl

Question 15

4 steps of GPCR binding?

Answer 15

1- neurotransmitter binds to GPCR
2- GDP released, GTP bind to g protein w/ adenylate cyclase
3- AC converts ATP to CAMP
4- CAMP opens channels, changes permeability

Question 16

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Answer 16

inhibitory neurotransmitter - opens cl- channels
- controls retina of eye

Question 17

ACh (acetylcholine)

Answer 17

excitatory or inhibitory depending on tissue
PNS - neuromuscular junction
CNS - cortex, hippocampus, brain stem

Question 18

Norepinephrine

Answer 18

inhibitory or excitatory
- sympathetic NS
- related to dopamine release
- basal ganglia in the CNS (Parkinson’s disease)

Question 19

Serotonin

Answer 19

Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
- hypothalamus has to do with wakefulness

Question 20

Substance P

Answer 20

A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of pain messages to the brain.
- endorphins block the pain

Question 21

Nitic Oxide (NO)

Answer 21

excitatory in CNS for memory formation

Question 22

VGAT (vesicular GABA transporter)

Answer 22

hyperpolarizing / inhibitory

Question 23

VGLUT1

Answer 23

glutamate
depolarizing / excitatory

Question 24

4 kinds of circuts?

Answer 24

Parallel after discharge, diverging, converging, reverberating (DRAW)

Question 25

Serial vs parallel processing?

Answer 25

Serial- 1 input, 1 path, all or nothing, produces specific reflex Parallel- 1 input, multiple paths, 1 stimulus, multiple responses

Question 26

Dermatomes

Answer 26

Sensory territories

Question 27

What is referred pain?

Answer 27

pain in appendix cant be felt, does to stomach wall

Question 28

Receptor potential?

Answer 28

type of graded potential, produced of sensory receptor

Question 29

Exteroceptors vs interoceptors?

Answer 29

extero- stimuli outside body (senses, pain) intero- stimuli inside body (viscera, temp, chem)

Question 30

what is enkephalin?

Answer 30

released by interneurons, blocks pain by acting on receptors

Question 31

What nerves innervate the face?

Answer 31

Trigeminal nerve- opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

Question 32

Noicorecpetors?

Answer 32

pain receptors histamine, K, ATP, bradykinin cause depolarization to treat pain

Question 33

Can cells regenerate in CNS?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

Encapsulated vs free nerves.

Answer 34

Encapsulated- more specific, low sensitivity (muscle spindle) Free- sensitive, less specific, everywhere

Question 35

Propriceptors

Answer 35

spatial awarness (vestibular kinethetic sense)

Question 36

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 36

touch, pressure, etc

Question 37

thermoreceptors

Answer 37

change in temp, sense you percieve is dependant of protein being triggered

Question 38

Lateral inhibition:

Answer 38

capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors.

Question 39

Less axon terminals...

Answer 39

increases specificty of neuron

Question 40

Senses use what kind of receptor?

Answer 40

complex- 2 step transduction, uses receptor cell to signal afferent neuron

Question 41

what is a muscle spindle?

Answer 41

contained in muscle, covered in sensory nerves, sends info to spine

Question 42

tendon organ capsule?

Answer 42

same as muscle spindle, sends sensory info to dorsal horn

Question 43

What are first-order neurons?

Answer 43

Sensory cell body in dorsal root or cranial ganglia skin to spinal cord/ brain stem

Question 44

What are second order neurons?

Answer 44

Interneurons Soma in dorsal horn or meduallry nuclei axons decussate transmission to thalamus or cerebellum

Question 45

What are third order neurons?

Answer 45

Located in thalamus- somatosensory cortex

Question 46

3 steps of vision?

Answer 46

1. bipolar cells 2. ganglion cells 3. optic chiasm (sensory processing)

Question 47

3 steps of auditory?

Answer 47

1. bipolar cells in spiral ganglion 2. superior olivary nucleus in brain stem 3. thalamus (sensory processing)

Question 48

3 steps of taste?

Answer 48

1. geniculate ganglia 2. solidary nucleus (medulla) 3. Thalamus- gustatory cortex

Question 49

perceptual detection?

Answer 49

detecting stimuli that as occured

Question 50

Magnitude estimation?

Answer 50

how much stim is acting (frequency)

Question 51

spatial discrimination?

Answer 51

site or pattern of stim (finding key in pocket w/ lots of stuff)

Question 52

feature abstraction?

Answer 52

indentify things based off texture and shape (keys in pocket)

Question 53

Quality discrimination?

Answer 53

differentiate sensory (sweet vs sour)

Question 54

where does the thalamus project its fibers?

Answer 54

somatosensory cortex, sensory association areas

Question 55

How does knee jerk reaction work? (3 steps)

Answer 55

1. stretch (muscle spindle) from patella hit 2. muscle spindle fires AP, dorsal root to spinal cord grey matter 3. quad motor neurons excited

Question 56

Laternal vs Ventral spinothalamic

Answer 56

interneurons in dorsal horn decussate before ascending vs descending projects to thalamus faster vs. slower more specific (pain, temp) vs. less specific (touch, pressure)