Midterm 1 pt.2

Question 1

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 1

2 pairs of bones: clavicles & scapulae - almost a complete circle around upper trunk
attachment points of muscles that move upper limbs
scapulae only attached laterally

Question 2

Clavicles?

Answer 2

collarbones
mildly S-shaped
insertion points for muscles, also a brace to push arms laterally
curvature ensures outward fracture, away from subclavian artery

Question 3

Scapulae?

Answer 3

shoulder blades
thin, triangular, flat bones
dorsally, between ribs 2 & 7
3 borders: superior, medial & lateral

Question 4

What forms the glenoid cavity?

Answer 4

Acromion and coracoid processm

Question 5

What makes the humerus?

Answer 5

only bone of the arm
articulates with scapula, radius & ulna
2 important condyles and 2 epicondyles
trochlea articulates with ulna
capitulum articulates with radius
ulnar nerve behind medial epicondyle

Question 6

What makes up the forearm?

Answer 6

2 parallel long bones: radius & ulna
articulates with humerus & wrist bones
with each other at superior & inferior radio-ulnar joints

Question 7

Ulna?

Answer 7

(elbow joint)
slightly longer than radius
olecranon & coronoid processes
locking of olecranon prevents elbow hyperextension
radial notch on coronoid process

Question 8

What is the styloid process

Answer 8

ligaments to the wrist

Question 9

Radius?

Answer 9

(wrist joint)
head at proximal end; distal end at the wider end
distal end has medial ulnar notch & lateral styloid process

Question 10

What makes up the pelvic girdle

Answer 10

Two hip bones (each also called coxal bone or os coxae); form a complete circle
left & right coxal bones unite anteriorly & with sacrum posteriorly
Each os coxa consists of 3 bones that fuse at puberty: ilium, ischium, pubis
acetabulum is area where all 3 bones join »» forms socket of hip joint

Question 11

What is the ilium

Answer 11

large flaring bone that forms most of os coxa
note iliac crest (superior border); iliac spines (attachment of muscles)
pelvic brim is superior margin of true pelvis
anteriorly, the body of the ilium joins the ischium and the pubis

Question 12

Ischium?

Answer 12

postero-inferior part of hip bone
superior body joining ilium and thinner, inferior ramus
What is the ischial tuberosity: Rough bone, when you sit will accept weight of body

Question 13

Pubis?

Answer 13

anterior part of ox cosa
2 pubic bones unite at pubis symphysis
note pubic crest, obturator foramen (blood vessels & nerves)

Question 14

Difference between male and female pelvis

Answer 14

Male: tilted forward, bones heavier, smaller pelvic angle

Question 15

What bone is in thigh?

Answer 15

femur = largest, longest & strongest bone
head
fovia capitis
neck (angles laterally to shaft)
linea aspera
lat & med condyles (articulate with tibia)
lat & med epicondyles (muscles)
patellar surface (between condyles)
Trocanters

Question 16

Leg bones?

Answer 16

2 parallel bones: tibia & fibula
interosseus membrane + proximal & distal tibiofibular joints (rigid)
fibula not contributor to knee joint

Question 17

Tibia

Answer 17

next largest & strongest bone receives wt. from the femur & transfers it to the foot
Medial malleolus
medial & lateral condyles
tibial tuberosity (patellar ligament)

Question 18

Fibula

Answer 18

not weight bearing/no articulation with femur
head & lateral malleolus

Question 19

The foot?

Answer 19

total of 26 bones: tarsus (ankle bone), metatarsus & phalanges

Question 20

Bones of the tarsus?

Answer 20

Calcaneus, talus, trochlea of talus, cuboid, navicular, latera; cuneiform, intermediate cuniform, medial cuniform

Question 21

Metatarsus and phalanges?

Answer 21

Same as in hand, big toe is one to five

Question 22

Classification of joints?

Answer 22

Structure
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Function: (how much freedom of movement the joint allows)
Synarthroses (no movement), Amphiarthroses (some), Diarthroses (lots)

Question 23

Fibrous joints?

Answer 23

Bones joined by fibrous CT
no joint cavity present »» very little to no movement at joint
Sutures, sydesmosis (held by ligament fibula and tibia) and gomphosis (peg in socket, tooth)

Question 24

Cartilaginous joints?

Answer 24

bones are united by cartilage / there is no joint cavity
Synchondroses
(epiphyseal plates between each of 1st seven ribs & sternum)
Symphysis
(eg: pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints)

Question 25

6 Features of synovial joints?

Answer 25

Articular (hyaline) cartilage: covers opposing bone surfaces,cushioning Joint (synovial) cavity fluid-filled Articular capsule: Double layered Synovial fluid fills joint cavity & reduces friction Reinforcing ligaments: restrict movement of joint Capsular: thickened part of fibrous layer Extracapsular : outside the capsule Intracapsular: deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane Rich nerve and blood vessel supply: Capillary beds produce filtrate for synovial fluid

Question 26

2 structures with synovial joints?

Answer 26

bursa is sac lined with synovial membrane & containing a thin film of synovial fluid; found where ligaments, muscles, skin or muscle tendons overlie & rub against bone A tendon sheaths can be thought of as an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Question 27

3 factirs that influence stability of synoivial joints?

Answer 27

shape of articular surfaces of many joints are such that they don’t contribute stability deep ball & socket joints have good shape for stability Ligaments more ligaments = more strength Muscle tone

Question 28

3 common joint injuries

Answer 28

Sprains partially torn ligaments repair themselves but very slowly Cartilage Tears usually the knee pieces break off / interfere with joint function »» arthroscopic surgery Dislocations bones forced out of their normal positions at a joint; need to be reduced

Question 29

Angular movements? (Flexion, hyperextension, abduction, aduction, circumduction, gliding)

Answer 29

Flexion- decrease angle Hyperextension- go beyond normal angle Abduction- away from midline Adduction- towards midline Circumduction- movement of 360 Gliding- think queens wave

Question 30

Roational movements?

Answer 30

Rotation Lateral Rotation Medial Rotation

Question 31

Special movements? (pronation, supination, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression)

Answer 31

Pronation- radius rotates of ulna (anatomical position) Supination- radius and ulna are parallel Dorsiflexion- toes towards shin bone Plantar flexion- point toes Inversion- feet towards midline Eversion- feet away from midline Protraction- mandible forward Retraction- Mandible backwards Elevation of mandible Depression of mandible

Question 32

6 types of synovial joints? (people hate people called sam brown)

Answer 32

Plane Joint- 2 flat opposing surfaces Gliding e.g. intercarpal joints Hinge Joint cylinder into trough flexion/extension.g. elbow Pivot Joint insertion into a ring or sleeve eg: between atlas & dens of axis; proximal radio ulnar joint Condyloid Joint “knuckle-like” articulating surfaces oval all planes of motion Saddle Joint similar to condylar saddle shape permits even more freedom of movement Ball-&-socket Joint multiaxial joints most freely moving e.g. shoulder/ hip joints

Question 33

what kind of joint is shoulder?

Answer 33

Ball-and-socket Head of humerus & glenoid fossa of the scapula The only ligaments of note is the coracohumeral tendons of the rotator cuff muscles that stabilize this joint.

Question 34

what kind of joint is elbow?

Answer 34

Hinge Joint trochlea of the humerus with the trochlear notch on the ulna Stabilized by collateral ligaments

Question 35

What kind of joint is hip?

Answer 35

Deep ball and socket joint head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvic bone intracapsular ligament that extends from the fovea Extracapsular ligaments to note are the iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral.

Question 36

what kind of joint is the knee?

Answer 36

A hinge joint Three joints – femoropatellar, lateral tibiofemoral and medial tibiofemoral There are 2 intracapsular ligaments (anterior and posterior cruciate), 2 menisci (medial and lateral, attached at the fibrous capsule) and 2 extracapsular ligaments (fibular collateral and tibial collateral). Note the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa

Question 37

tempromandiublar joint?

Answer 37

A modified hinge joint Mandibular condyle with mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone Stabilized by a lateral ligament. Initial jaw opening is hinged followed by disc sliding There is gliding when the condyle moves from side to side via articulation with the superior joint cavity and the superior surface of the disc.