Final Pt. 4

Question 1

Direct and indirect pathways of cortex?

Answer 1

direct- corticospinal
indirect- corticobulbar

Question 2

Akinesia vs dykinesia?

Answer 2

akinesia- absence of movement (basal ganglia)
dynkinesia- diffuculty of movement (cerebellum)

Question 3

Levels of control?

Answer 3

Highest (precommand)- cerebellum/ basal nuclei
middle- motor cortex/ brain stem
lowest- spinal cord

Question 4

primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, brocas area, frontal eye field?

Answer 4

PMC- precentral gyrus, relationship w/ primary somatosensory gyrus
PC- movment of several muscle groups
brocas- motor speech
FEF- voluntray eye movement

Question 5

Basal ganglia requird for what?

Answer 5

movement initiation

Question 6

Descending motor pathways?

Answer 6

Efferent impulses to spine from brain
direct: pyramidal
indirect: all others

Question 7

Motor pathways use what neurons?

Answer 7

upper motor cortex neurons, lower spinal cord/crainial nerve neurons

Question 8

What does pyramidal system do?

Answer 8

regulates fast/ skilled movement
90% lateral corticospinal
10% anterior corticospinal

Question 9

How are skeletal muscles innervated?

Answer 9

ACh diffuses across cleft, binds
- Na/K across membrane
- Depolarization of inner muscle, AP

Question 10

Parapeligia, quadrepeligia, paralysis

Answer 10

Parapeligia: T1 to L1
quad: cervical region
Paralysis: loss of motor function

Question 11

Flaccid paralysis?

Answer 11

damage to ventral root, anterior horncells
- lower motor neurons damage, no impulses
- no movement at all

Question 12

Spastic paralysis?

Answer 12

upper neurons of pri. motor cortex damaged
- spinal neurons intact
- no voluntray movement, ireegular stimulation

Question 13

What tracts make up extrapyramidal system?

Answer 13

rubrospinal (control flexor muscles), vestibulospinal, reticulospinal (balance), tectospinal tracts (head movements)

Question 14

Cerebellar processing?

Answer 14

The cerebellum gets data from the cortex, initiates voluntary movement, and finds the best way to perform movement

Question 15

Neocerebellum?

Answer 15

lateral lobes of cerebellum, fine motor coordination

Question 16

Midline cerebellum?

Answer 16

spinal inputs, posture, balance

Question 17

Vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 17

floccondular lobe, maintains stability of head on body

Question 18

What is the final common motor pathway?

Answer 18

lower motor neurons recive signal from direct/indirect motor neurons
sum of all inhib/exhib signals determines response of lower motor neurons/ skeletal muscles

Question 19

Axons of ANS are…

Answer 19

2 neuron chain… pre and postganglionic

Question 20

Sympathetic/ para use…

Answer 20

Symp use NE, para use ACh

Question 21

3 pathways to paravertebral ganglia?

Answer 21

1. synapse w/ ganglionic neuron and same ganglion
2. as/decend symp. chain to synapse in other chain ganglion
3. pass throuhj chain ganglion, emerge without synpasing

Question 22

Hypothalamus?

Answer 22

Master controller of ANS, involuntray functions

Question 23

2 types of cholerginic receptors?

Answer 23

muscarinic, nicotinic

Question 24

features of nicotinic receptors?

Answer 24

found on motor end plates, ANS ganglions, hormone cells of adrenal medulla
ACh binding always stimulatory

Question 25

features of muscarinic receptors?

Answer 25

efferctor cells innervated by postgang. choligeric fibers ACh binding can be inhib/ exhib

Question 26

Sympathetic vs para tone?

Answer 26

Symp- constricts BV, cause BP up, dilates vessels if BP too high Para- slows heart, dictates normal level of digestive urinary systems

Question 27

features of parasymp?

Answer 27

preganglion. long, post gang short, ganglia near viscera

Question 28

features of symp?

Answer 28

preganglion short, post gang long, ganglia near spine

Question 29

All somatic motor neurons release...

Answer 29

ACh (excitatory)

Question 30

cholinergic vs adernegic fibers

Answer 30

C- parasymp. postgang. ACh releasing fibers A- symp. postgang. axons relaseing NE

Question 31

Atropine, neostigmine, tricyclic antidepress., cold, beta blockers

Answer 31

A- blocks parasymp. effects N-inhibits ACh T- prolong NE activity C- stim. alpha-adrenergic receptors B- attach to beta receptors, lover HR

Question 32

What is the limbic system?

Answer 32

deal w/ emotion and memory, regualtes autonomic and endocrine based on emotion amygdala, hippocampus, gyruses, hypothalamus

Question 33

Reticular activating system?

Answer 33

innterconnected nuclei in brainstem, inhibited by sleep centers, keeps awake and filter info

Question 34

Non-dominant hemisphere controls...

Answer 34

emotional components of language

Question 35

3 principles of memory?

Answer 35

storage, processing, memory traces

Question 36

short vs long term memory?

Answer 36

short is fleeting, limited capacity long term is limitless

Question 37

Factors that affect STM to LTM (4)

Answer 37

emotional state, reherasal, association, autonomic memory

Question 38

Fact vs skill memory

Answer 38

fact: learning explicit info, stored w/ context it was learned, amyddala-hippocampus-hypothalamus skill: motor activity, through practice, corpus striatum, motor cortex

Question 39

Mechanisms of memory?

Answer 39

neuronal RNA content altered, dendritic spines change shape, new hippocampal neurons, extracellular proteins at synapses

Question 40

stages of sleep?

Answer 40

awake, REM, Stage 1, stage 2 , stage 3, stage 4, cycle in and out (last 4 are NREM)

Question 41

types of brain waves (4)

Answer 41

alpha-reg, low, indicate idiling brain beta- rhythmic, irregular, awake/alert state theta- more irregular, in kids delta- high amp, deep sleep

Question 42

absence vs grand mal seizures

Answer 42

absence- children, blank stare grand- loose consciousness, bones may break

Question 43

what happens during rem sleep?

Answer 43

vital signs increase, skeletal muscles inhibited, dreams

Question 44

narcolepsy, insomnia, sleep apnea?

Answer 44

N: abrupt sleep into the wake state I: inability to obtain necessary sleep S: cessation of breath during sleep

Question 45

What regulates the sleep cycle?

Answer 45

nuclei of the hypothalamus