Final Flashcards
weeks 1-15 (112 cards)
1
Q
Ventilation
A
Movement of air through the pulmonary airways
2
Q
Perfusion
A
movement of blood through the pulmonary circulation
3
Q
Diffusion
A
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
4
Q
Oxygenation
A
providing cells with oxygen
5
Q
Ventilation+ perfusion+ diffusion= ?
A
Oxygenation
6
Q
Perfusion without ventilation
A
blood goes to parts of the lung that DO NOT have oxygen to give
ex. pneumonia
7
Q
ventilation without perfusion
A
Blood does NOT go to parts of the lung that have oxygen to give
ex. pulmonary embolism
8
Q
Atelectasis
A
Alveoli collapse
9
Q
Hypercapnia means
A
high carbon dioxide level in the blood
10
Q
The lungs help regulate…..
A
carbon dioxide which is an acid
11
Q
The kidney help regulate….
A
Bicarbonate which is a base
12
Q
Low pH = what concentration of hydrogen ions & High pH= ?
A
high concentration= low pH
Low concentration high pH
13
Q
Acidic lungs
A
increase ventilation, elimate CO2, and raise pH
14
Q
Alkalotic lung
A
decrease ventilation, retain CO2, and lower pH
15
Q
Alkalotic kidney
A
increase excretion, lower pH
16
Q
Acidic kidney
A
increase reabsorption, raise pH
17
Q
pH: 7.20
CO2: 38
HCO3: 3.17
A
uncompensated metabolic acidosis
18
Q
pH: 7.5
CO2: 47
HCO3: 27
A
partially compensated metabolic alkalosis
19
Q
pH: 7.42
CO2: 32
HCO3: 18
A
Fully compensated resp. alkalosis
20
Q
what lung disease increases in resistance to airflow from the trachea and larger bronchi to the terminal and respiratory bronchioles
A
obstructive lung disease
21
Q
COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma are what lung disease
A
obstructive
22
Q
What lung disease is characterized by reduced expansion and stiff lungs
A
restrictive lung disease
23
Q
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, atelectasis are what type of lung disease
A
restrictive
24
Q
______ is difficulty getting air out and ______ is difficulty getting air in
A
obstructive, restrictive
25
COPD pts drive to breathe
hypoxia instead of carbon dioxide
26
Hypoxia
low O2 in the tissues
27
- persistant airway inflammation bronchial hyperreactivty causing obstruction
- often hereditary
Asthma
28
cause of COPD
chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both
29
Severe COPD leads to chronic.....
hypercapnia> stimulus to breathe is now hypxoia
30
Blue bloater is characterized with what disease
chronic bronchitis
- cyanosis, clubbing, hypoxia
31
pink puffer is characterized with what disease
emphysema
- barrel chest, chronic hypercapnia, excess air in lungs
32
Air in pleural space
- caused by trauma or infection
treatment: chest tube, needle decompression
Pneumothorax
33
Excess fluid within pleural space
- HF, renal failure, liver failure, infections
- treatment thoracentesis
Pleural Effusion
34
Roles of kidney
- metabolism
- waste elimination
- control Blood pressure
- regulate RBCs
- vit D synthesis
- manage electrolytes
35
Diagnostics for kidney dysfunction
- urinalysis
- BUN
- Serum Creatine> gold standard
- imaging studies
36
Treatments for kidney disease
- medications (bicarb, beta blockers, epogen, diuretics)
- dialysis (HD, PD, CRRT)
37
AKI four phases
1. initial> injury to manifestation
2. oliguria> retention of fluid
3. diuresis> increased urine output
4. recovery> final repair of damage
38
AKI: pre/ intra/post
pre: decreased perfusion> CHF, Shock, blood loss
intra: injury in the kidney itself
post: obstruction> stone, tumor
39
GFR (test used with kidneys)
how much blood is filtering through kidneys per minute
40
Clinical presentation of AKI
- anemia
- hypokalemia> bone breakdown & fracture
- kidney can't activate vit D
- encephalopathy> confusion
- thrombocytopenia> bleeding/ bruising
41
UTI 3 primary symptoms
- urgency
- frequency
- burning sensation
42
untreated UTI can lead to....
Urosepsis
43
Risk factors for developing UTI
- female> urethra closer to anus
- incontinence
- dehydration
- obesity
- being older
44
Risk factor for kidney stones
(nephrolithiasis)
- depends on what stone is made out of
- dehydration
- gout
- diet(high sodium)
- hyperkalemia
45
treatment of kidney stones
- pain medication> priority
- hydrate> flush out
- lithotripsy> sound waves breakup stone
- prevent reoccurance
46
diagnosis of kidney stones
- urinalysis
- infection, hematuria, urine pH, presence of crystals
- protein in urine
47
how does kidney stones lead to hydronephrosis
- complete obstruction of bloodflow
- urine backup into renal pelvis and destroys kidney
- extra fluid in kidneys from obstruction
- found during ultrasound
48
Metabolism
refers to the chemical processes involved in converting carbs, fats, and proteins from the foods we eat into the energy needed for cell function
49
small intestine villi contain...
goblet cells> secret mucous and absorb nutrients
50
PUD risk factors
- NSAIDs and H. pylori
51
NSAIDs inhibit....
prostaglandin E leading to decreased mucosa
52
H. pylori releases....
-enzyme urease which breaks down urea leading to CO2 and ammonia(acid)
- ammonia then destroys mucosal lining
53
PUD s/s
- pain with eating
- pain- burning, gnawing stomach pain
- perforation- sudden pain, pale skin, cold sweat
54
What is gliadin
protein form gluten
- HLA molecule activates helper T cells causing autoimmune inflammatory process
- can cause malabsorption
55
Celiac s/s
- Vit A, E, and K deficiency
- malabsorption
- steatorrhea
- impared muscle mass
low immune function> high infection rates
56
If GFR is high the kidneys are...
More at risk
57
A medication for kidney dysfunction includes
Beta blocker
58
Kidneys excrete what
Hydrogen and bicarbonate
59
Urosepsis intervention
antibiotics and bolus fluids
60
Ulcerative colitis s/s
- Pseudo polyps
- frequent bowel movements
- blood stolls
- urgency
- rectum extending to large bowel
- wt loss
61
Chron's Disease
- skip lesions
- cobblestoning
- mouth to anus
- toxic megacolon
62
-1 Hematemesis
- 2 Hematochezia
- 3 Melena
1- blood in vomit
2- blood in stool
3- black and tarry stool
63
If bleed is closer to source of going out of body blood is
bright red
64
If bleed is further from the source of going out blood is
brown and coffee ground appearance
65
Liver dysfunction s/s
- ascites/ edema
- jaundice, spider angiomata, finger clubbing
- steatorrhea
- fatigue, anorexia, wt loss
66
Liver function
- vit k synthesis
- detoxes
- metabolism
- coagulation and metabolize bilirubin
67
High unconjugated bilirubin is what hepatic injury
intrahepatic injury
68
Calculous cholecystitis versus acalculous
Calculous: gallstones that lodge in the cystic ducts
Acalculous: caused w/ out evidence of obstruction
69
Spasmodic pain is known as _______ after decrease in distention
biliary colic
70
Cholecystitis is
the gallbladder becomes thickened, rigid, and fibrotic
- function begins to function poorly
71
Signs to check which lead to cholecystitis
- CRP
- Murphy
- RUQ pain
72
Pancreas endocrine versus exocrine function
endocrine: produces insulin, glucagon
Exocrine: excrete/ secretes digestive enzymes lipase, amylase, trypsin and bicarb
73
Intrinsic factor is vital for absorption of ?
Vit B12
74
Biliary Tract Disease
- obstruction of the flow of enzyme from the pancreas
- autodigestion on the gland tissue and destroy the pancreatic cell
75
Unconjugated versus conjugated bilirubin
Uncon: not water soluble
Con: Water soluble
- For body to excrete bilirubin in the bile, it has to be water-soluble
76
Hyperbilirubinemia can lead to
jaundice
77
Greatest risk(key event) for atherosclerosis
Endothelial injury
78
LDL is
BAD CHOLESTROL
- HDL can help out by reverse transport
-high levels of LDL and low levels of HDL predispose to CVA
79
Free radials are
- attracted to things they shouldn't be
- create inflammation
- can cause damage to the endothelium
80
Effect of these Blood compositions can alter heart of arteries
- lipids
- glucose
- free radicals
- nicotine
- homocysteine
81
3 elements that regulate blood flow through the arteries
1. volume
2. pressure
3. resistance
82
Blood pressure regulation systems
1. Baroreceptors> raise BP
2. RAAS > raise BP
3. ADH> raise BP
4. Natriuresis> lower BP
83
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood the heart pumps out of the ventricle each minute
- CO= HRxSV, about 5L per minute
84
Process of atherosclerosis
1. formation of foam cells
2. formation of fatty streaks and plaque
3. Plaque rupture
85
STEMI vs NSTEMI
STEMI: infarction is completely through the cardiac wall
NSTEMI: infarction is subendocardial and not completely through the heart wall
86
Preload
The volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole
- precontraction
- loading of a sling shot
- beginning of cardiac cycle
87
Afterload
The amount of resistance the ventricle must overcome to pump blood out of the heart
- high resistance= higher afterload resistance
- pressure that the left ventricle has to pump against(resistance)
88
Left ventricular failure backflow
- lungs
- creates build up of hydrostatic pressure in LA, pulmonary vein
89
Left ventricular forward effect
- causes decreased perfusion to brain, kidneys, and other organs
90
Right Ventricular failure backward effect
creates backup within the right heart chambers and eventually into superior and inferior vena cava
- causes fluid leakage and edema and ascites and enlarged organs
91
Shock
severe hypotension
- inability of heart and lungs to satisfy the metabolic and oxygen requirements
- blood pressure drops 40 below pts normal pH
92
Shock stages
1. initial
- sudden BP drop and SNS & RAAS kick in!
2. Progressive
- blood conserved for heart and brain
3. Irreversible
- blood loss in heart and brain and leads to ischemia
93
Normal cell cycle has
checkpoints to repair, recycle, and destroy apoptosis during the cell cycle
94
Cancer eitology
Cell DNA Error+ Failure to detect and stop error= cancer
95
Tumor suppressor gene
- normally function to restrain cells growth and become defective
- lose ability to inhibit cell growth and division
- TP53
- BRCA1 &2
96
Proto-oncogenes
normal cells that stimulate and regulate the cell cycle
97
Mutated/ defective oncogenes can lead to
constant cell proliferation and cell cycling
98
Benign
- cells are well differentiated
- growth is slow
- genetic stability
- tumor is localized
- edges are smooth
99
Malignant
- cells poorly differentiated
- tumor is invasive and disrupting surrounding cells
- growth is erratic
- cells have unlimited lifespan
- easily break free and spread
100
Grading
- looking at differentiation
- well differentiated vs poorly differentiated
101
Staging
- classifies the size, invasiveness, and the spread of the tumors
- TNM System
- how advanced cancer is
102
Blast cells
premature precursor cells
103
In leukemia the WBCs over produce and take over RBCs T or F
TRUE
104
Acute vaso-occlusive crisiscaused by...
more likely with illness, stress, heat/cold, dehydration, or by high altitude, but can also have no trigger at all
105
Sickle Cell Anemia
- RBCs take on an S shape
- These get stuck in vessel and create obstructions
- Obstructions create ischemia and can lead to tissue damage and possible infarction
106
RBC break > hyperbilirubinemia> _______
Jaundice
107
Hemophilia A
Deficiency in coag factor VII
108
Hemophilia B
Deficiency in coag factor IX
109
In hemophilia does vasoconstriction and platelet activation still happen
Yes, dysfunction doesn't occur until coagulation cascade
110
Fibrinogen changes into ______
which strengthens the platelet plug into a blood clot
Fibrin
111
Cellular regulation
Any process that controls the series of events by which a cell goes through the cell cycle
112
Perfusion
Perfusion is the passage of bodily fluids, such as blood, through the circulatory or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue.
