Final 1600 Flashcards
1
Q
Surgery; improve function, enhances appearance (or both); E: on the nose to correct deviated septum to increase airflow; breast reconstruction after mastectomy.
A
Reconstructive surgery
2
Q
primary purpose for maintaining NPO status 6-8 hours prior to surgery
A
Prevent aspiration
3
Q
Classification of medication given to prevent and treat N&V
A
Antiemetics: Ondansetron ( Zofran)
4
Q
Hand held breathing device; promote complete lung expansion and prevent pulmonary problems
A
Incentive spirometer
5
Q
Surgical consent: nursing responsibility
A
Witnessing
6
Q
Sets up OR; coordinates all the activities; make sure supplies are available; positioning of the patient
A
Circulating nurse
7
Q
Set up sterile field; drape patient; handles all sterile equipment; maintains count of supplies.
A
Scrub nurse
8
Q
Ensure right patient, right surgical procedure, right site
A
Time out
9
Q
Collapse or airless condition of all or part of the lungs; caused by hypoventilation; obstrustion, or compression
A
Atelectasis
10
Q
Excess fluid build up - inflammation; flue like symptoms: cough, fever, dyspnea
A
Pneumonia
11
Q
Temporally disappearance of peristalsis ; N&V, pain, distention
A
Paralytic ileus
12
Q
Blood clot in pulmonary artery; sudden onset; dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, restlessness, cough, hemoptysis; Tx: heparin therapy
A
PE - pulmonary embolism
13
Q
Blood clot from the deep venous thrombus; calf pain, erythema, unilateral swelling
A
DVT
14
Q
Wound opening ; apply a sterile non adherent or saline dressing; notify surgeon
A
Dehiscence
15
Q
Wound opening with protrusion of internal organs; surgical emergency.
A
Evisceration
16
Q
Descriptive term; wound is together without any gaps
A
Well-approximated - Primary intention
17
Q
Wound healing: shortest, from top down; wound edges closed ; E: sutures
A
Primary intention
18
Q
Wound healing: prolonged repair, gradual filling with connective tissue; bottom to top; left open; E: pressure ulcers
A
Secondary intention
19
Q
Wound healing: initially wound left open to heal, debrided; then wound is surgically closed; E: I&D - incision and drainage.
A
Tertiary intention
20
Q
Grenade looking device; placed in the wound after surgery for removal of the drainage
A
Jackson-Pratt drain (JP) - suction drain
21
Q
Wound exudate containing bacteria that yellow, brown and green with foul odor
A
Purulent exudate
22
Q
Constipation, N&V, puritis, sedation, respiratory depression - side effects of …
A
Opioids
23
Q
Automated device used by patient to self administer prescribed pain medication
A
PCA Pump - patient controlled analgesia
24
Q
Source of pain moves or travel to other location
A
Radiation pain
25
Term used to describe pain such as sharp, aching, or stabbing
Quality pain
26
Common side effect of opioid usage; TX: Mag-ox (Magnesium Oxide)
Constipation
27
Intervention that is most important to teach client about identifying fluid volume status
Weigh yourself daily
28
Fluid compartment that is equivalent to 40 % - 2/3 of total body water
ICF - intracellular fluid / compartment
29
Movement of fluid through a permeable membrane due to hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
30
Free movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion
31
Diffusion across a cell membrane that requires assistance; E: insulin/glucose; sodium pumps
Facilitated diffusion
32
Movement of water from lower to higher concentration of solute ; concentration gradient must exist; particles cannot cross
Osmosis
33
0.9% sodium chloride (NS); lactated ringers, D5W
Isotonic solutions - crystalloids
34
Same osmolarity as blood (270-300); no fluid shift : outside = inside
Isotonic solutions
35
0.45 % sodium chloride ( 1/2 NS)
Hypotonic solution
36
Outside (concentration) < inside ; moves fluid into the cell - cells swell , enlarge
Hypotonic solution
37
D5LR, D5 0.45 NS, 3 % NS
Hypertonic solutions
38
Outside > inside ; pulls fluid from cells - cells shrink; think of fluid overload (cells are overloaded with fluid)
Hypertonic solution
39
400-600 ml is min amount of urine per day needed to excrete toxic waste products
Obligatory urine output
40
500-1000 ml/day water loss from skin, lungs and stool; cannot be controlled
Insensible water loss
41
hormone secreted when sodium level in ECF decreased; prevent Na+water loss ; acts on kidney nephrons
Aldosterone
42
Hormone secreted when sodium level increases ; acts on kidney tubules - water is reabsorbed to dilute blood.
Antidiuretic hormone - ADH
43
Inflammation of vein; redness, pain hardened
Phlebitis
44
Leakage of IV fluid in extravascular tissue; cool, moist , redness
Infiltration
45
Leaking of chemical (vesicant ) or medication
Extravasation
46
Affects primary CNS ; altered mental status, cerebral edema, confusion
Na - where Na goes, H2O follows ; 135-145
47
Confusion, muscle weakness ; caused by : diuretic use, low salt diet, decreased aldosterone secretion ; TX: 2-3 % sodium chloride
Hyponatremia
48
Restlessness , seizures, muscle twitching; caused by renal failure, exercise, diaphoresis, fever; TX: diuretics, 0.45%NaCl
Hypernatremia
49
Affects cardiac/ respiratory/musculoskeletal systems
Potassium K ; 3.5-5
50
Irregular pulse , dysrythmias , muscle weakness, confusion; caused by diuretics, anorexia, Digoxin toxicity , gastric suction, V&D, hyperaldosteronism . TX: diluted IV K
Hypokalemia
51
Client is admitted with K 2.1; Order: 40 KCL STAT; what is most appropriate method for administering?
Diluted IV; never as IV push; never exceed 20 mEq/hr; monitor for infiltration
52
Crdiac irregularities, muscle twitching, paresthesia (tingling or numbness), hypotension; caused by renal failure, K sparing diuretics (Aldosterone), stored bank blood; TX: Kayexalate (stool); emergency : Insulin IV + CaCl + D50
Hyperkalemia
53
Stored in bone – strength & density, skeletal
| contractions, nerve impulses; absorption requires active form of vitamin D (parathyroid hormone control)
Calcium 9-10.5
54
Parathesia, chvosteks( facial twitching), trousseus (spasm + palmar flexion) sign, deep tendon reflex, cardiac changes, seizures ; caused by inadequate intake Ca/ Vitamin D; lactose intolerance , Chrons disease; TX: IV Ca, Vitamin D
Hypocalcemia
55
High BP, HR; confusion, fatigue, kidney stones; caused by hyperparathyroidis; poor kidney excretion; TX: IV 0.9 NaCl, Lasix, Phosphorus,Calcitonin.
Hypercalcemia
56
Inverse relationship w/ Ca; assist cell growth & metabolism;
| Treat according to Ca level;
Phosphorus 3 -4.5
57
What tonicity of fluid will used to rehydrate the cells
Hypotonic
58
Solutions with small molecules that flow easily from the bloodstream into cells
Crystalloids - Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic
59
Solution used for burns, GI tract fluid loss, acute blood loss; Caution: renal disease : K component; liver failure: lactic acidosis ( cannot convert lactate into bicarbonate) .
LR - Lactated Ringers
60
Solutions with molecules too large to pass through semipermeable membrane; they remain in intravascular compartment; volume expanders; used: severe burns, blood loss, shock
Colloids (always hypertonic ): Albumin, Dextran, Mannitol, Hespan (Hetastarch)
61
Fluids classified as
1. Crystalloids
2. Colloids
3. Blood products
62
Specific gravity
1.005-1.030
63
What are two the most common causes of kidney failure
1. Diabetes
| 2. Hypertension
64
Types of ARF
1. Prerenal
2. Intrarenal/intrinsic
3. Post renal
65
Type of ARF; decreased blood flow to the kidneys; caused by shock, HF, PE, sepsis; s/s: hypotension, decreased UO, tachycardia
Prerenal
66
Type of ARF; Kidney damage d/t acute tubular nephrosis, infection, toxins;S/S: oliguria, anuria, HTN, SOB
Intrarenal/intrinsic
67
Type of ARF; Obstruction to outflow of urine; S/S: Lethargy, signs of uremia
Post renal
68
Nephrotoxic drugs and radiocontrast dies cause what type of acute renal failure ARF
Intrarenal failure
69
100-400 ml in 24 hr / decreased urine output
Oliguria
70
> 2000 ml in 24 hr; increased urine output
Polyuria
71
Less than 100 ml in 24 hr
Anuria
72
Painful urination
Dysuria
73
Chronic renal failure dietary restrictions
1. Protein
2. Fluid
3. K
4. Na
5. P high causes hypocalcemia and osteodystrophy - take phosphate binder - Amphojel (constipation)
74
Increased Na, K, P, Mg; low Ca; metabolic acidosis - Kussmaul respiration ; hypertension, hyperlipidemia, HF, pericarditis, anemia, uremia.
Chronic kidney disease - ESKD ( GFR<15)
75
Halitosis, stomatitis, anorexia, N&V, peptic ulcers, pruritus, uremic frost, bruises
Uremia
76
Type of dialysis; uses the principles of diffusion and ultrafilteration; access: fistula, graft, dialysis cath (Quinton)
Hemodialysis
77
Hemodialysis; to check potency
Palpate for the thrill; auscultate for the bruit
78
Disequilibrium syndrome, muscle cramps, hemorrhage, air embolus, hemodynamic complications (hypotension, anemia),cardiac dysrhythmias are complications of ...
Hemodialysis
79
Type of dialysis ; uses the principles of diffusion and osmosis ; instilled into the peritoneal cavity via permanent indwelling catheter ; sterile technique (wear mask)
Peritoneal dialysis
80
Peritonitis, Bleeding, Leakage, Abdominal hernias are complications of ...
Peritoneal dialysis
81
S/s: hematuria, facial edema, fluid overload, SOB, proteinuria; DX: GFR, ASO titer ( strep bacteria)
Acute glomerulonephritis
82
S/s: hypertension, fatigue, occasional edema; decreased kidney function
Chronic glomerulonephritis
83
S/s: flank/back pain, fever, N/V, burning, urgency ; DX: U/A (WBS, C&S)
Acute pyelonephritis
84
S/s: hypertension, Na excretion, nocturia; DX: U/A
Chronic pyelonephritis
85
Microbial infection that invade kidneys in the renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis
86
Presence of calculi ( stones) in the urinary tract
Urolithiasis (urinary calculi )
87
Type of incontinence; causes involuntary loss of bladder control associated with a strong urge to void
Urge incontinence
88
Type of incontinence; occurs when detrusor muscle fails to contract and the bladder become overdistended
Overflow incontinence
89
Type of incontinence; most common; loss of small amount of urine during coughing, sneezing, jogging, lifting
Stress incontinence
90
Type of incontinence; result of factor other than the abnormal function of the bladder or urethra; E: loss of cognitive function
Functional incontinence
91
Medical term for surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
Cystectomy
92
Classification of UTI
1. Upper UTI : pyelonephritis
| 2. Lower UTI: cystitis
93
S/s: dysuria, frequency, urgency, hesitancy, hematuria, itching, pyuria ...mental status changes
Cystitits
94
Urinalysis : protein
0.8 mg/dl
95
Urinalysis: RBC
0-2 per high power field
96
Urinalysis: WBC
M: 0-3; F:0-5
97
Increased glomerular permeability; large molecules pass from blood into the urine; S/s: massive proteinuria, lipiduria, edema...
Nephrotic syndrome
98
pH that is not compatible with life !!!
< 6.8 or >7.8
99
When one is hypoventilating the body doing what ?
Retaining CO2
100
Prolong vomiting and nasogastric suctioning leads to acid deficit , causing
Metabolic alkalosis
101
Urinary diversion, divert urine into surgically created pouch or pocket that functions as a bladder. The stoma is continent, and the patient removes urine by regular self-catheterization
Kock's pouch - ileal reservoir
102
Internal reservoir created from part of the small intestine; connected to the urethra; learn to void normally
Neobladder
103
Type of urinary diversion; diverts urine to the large intestine; no stoma required; urine excreted with bowel movement
Uterosigmodoistomy
104
Acid-base balance regulatory mechanisms
1. Chemical : fast acting
2. Respiratory: minutes
3. Renal : hours-days
105
Normal range pH
7.35-7.45
106
Normal range CO2
35-45
107
Normal range HCO3-
21-28
108
Respiratory acidosis
pH < 7.35; PaCo2 > 45
109
Normal range O2
80-100
110
Hypoventilation : deep, slow, shallow breathing; retaining CO2; S/s: confusion, drowsiness, tachycardia, dysrhythmias , elevated K; TX: manual ventilation
Respiratory acidosis
111
Hyperventilation: rapid, shallow breathing; blowing off CO2; S/s: numbness and tingling, diaphoresis, tetanic spasms of arms and legs (low Ca) - acute resp.failure; TX: nonrebreather, paper bag
Respiratory alkalosis
112
Respiratory alkalosis
pH > 7.45; PaCo2 < 35
113
Metabolic acidosis
pH < 7.35; HCO3 < 21
114
Anxiety, fear, pain, fever, sepsis, CNS lesions, resp. stimulants will lead to ...
Respiratory alkalosis
115
Head injury, meds (opioids) , spinal cord injury, atelectasis , pneumonia will lead to ...
Respiratory acidosis
116
Diarrhea, intestinal fistulas, renal failure, DKA, starvation , pancreatitis will lead to ...
Metabolic acidosis
117
Ingestion of antacids, excess use of HCO3, lactate in dialysis, vomiting , gastric suctioning , diuretics
Metabolic alkalosis
118
Kussmaul breathing , N/V, warmed flushed skin, confusion; (high K); TX: Hydration
Metabolic acidosis
119
Metabolic alkalosis
pH > 7.45; HCO3 > 28
120
Weakness, muscle twitching, tetany, dizziness, seizures, N/V, respiratory depression, low Ca ; TX: Diamox (excrete HCO3)
Metabolic alkalosis
121
Normal RR
12-20
122
If the pH is outside of normal range it is ...
Uncompensated (or partially compensated )
123
If the pH is within normal , while other values remain abnormal it is ...
Compensated
124
Acid base balance occurs through control of ... production and elimination
Hydrogen ions H+
125
COPD - CO2 retained - pH decreases - kidney excretes more H+ and increase reabsorption of bicarbonate back into the blood - example of ...
Renal compensation (corrects respiratory problem)
126
Running - build up of lactic acid - increase in H+ - decrease in pH - breathing is triggered - loose of carbon dioxide - example of
Respiratory compensation (corrects metabolic problem )
127
Air passing through constricted bronchioles is the symptom of what respiratory disease ?
Asthma
128
COPD characterized by what two symptoms ?
Bronchospasm (chronic bronchitis)+ dyspnea (emphysema)
129
What is the best nursing intervention for person who has Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Airborne precaution
130
The loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation of the lungs are two major causes of ...
Emphysema
131
Intermittent, reversible airflow obstruction; affects only airways; inflammation (mucus) and airway hyperresponsivenes (bronchospasm) ; wheezing, SOB, chest tightness
Asthma
132
Inhaled corticosteroid, prevent asthma attack caused by inflammation; used daily; reduces local immunity - good mouth care;
Flovent (Fluticasone)
133
Short acting beta 2 agonist (SABA); rescue drug; relaxes bronchial smooth muscles ; used 5 min before other inhaled drug; monitor HR.
Albuterol (Proventil)
134
Oral corticosteroid; rescue drug; step 6 asthma; side effects: GI ulceration; fat redistribution; weight gain; hyperglycemia ; reduces all immunity responses
Prednisone (Deltasone)
135
Inflammatory process resulting in excess fluid in the lungs; triggered by infective organisms; S/s:flushed cheeks , bright eyes, anxious expression, fever, chest pain, dehydration.... ; vaccine available ( older adults repeat every 5 years )
Pneumonia
136
Highly communicable; airborne transmission ; S/s persistent cough, hemoptysis, fever, anorexia, night sweats, fatigue ...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
137
Combination TB drug therapy ; take 6 month or longer; strict adherence ; stain skin and urine; interact with oral contraceptives; avoid drinking; risk for liver toxicity;
Isoniazid (INH) + Rifampin
138
Patient is no longer contagious ...
after 2-3 weeks of taking meds; when 3 sputum cultures are negative
139
Guaifenesin
expectorant - thin secretions
140
Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
Mycolitic - destroys or dissolves mucus
141
Also known as silent disease; this chronic condition is caused by bone loss due to decreased bone density
Osteoporosis
142
What is the most common method reducing immobilizing fractures ?
ORIF - open reduction internal fixation
143
This is a two-part surgery. First, the broken bone is reduced or put back into place. Next, an internal fixation device is placed on the bone; this can be screws, plates, rods, or pins used to hold the broken bone together.
ORIF - open reduction internal fixation
144
Usually results from a long bone fracture ; occurs 12-48 hrs of injury or illness; chest pain, hypoxia, dyspnea, petechiae; ND: Impaired gas exchange
Fat embolism
145
An emergent situation is caused by blood or fluid build up at the site of injury; emergency fasciotomy is treatment of choice ; kidney failure due to myoglobin release ( rhabdomyolysis)
Acute compartment syndrome
146
Type of fracture; no visible wound
Closed - simple
147
Type of fracture; external wound
Open - compound
148
Assessment of neurovascular status
1. Pain
2. Pallor
3. Paresthesia
4. Pulselessness
5. Pressure
6. Paralysis
149
Fractures ND
Acute pain
150
Osteoporosis ND
Risk for falls
151
Pelvic fracture ND
Risk for bleeding - hypovolemic shock
152
Can be acute ( fever, swelling, erythema, bone pain) or chronic ( ulceration, pain, drainage) ; caused by staph or MRSA ...
Osteomyelitis
153
At risk for dislocation; ND: risk for bleeding, infection; abduction pillow between pt's legs; heels of the bed; 6 P's; move day after surgery; 90 degree rule
Post op hip replacement
154
Application of pulling force to a part of the body; skin (velcro boot); skeletal ( pins, wires), brace.; 6 P's; pain; elevate above heart; T; ice ;ND: Acute pain; Risk for infection
Traction care
155
Hold bones in place after reduction; handle with palms of hands ; 6 P's; circulation; nerve damage; infection: "hot spots"; muscle atrophy; ND: Acute pain, Risk for infection
Cast care
156
System in which pins or wires are inserted through the skin and affected bone and then connected to a rigid external frame; increased risk for pin site infection that can lead to osteomyelitis ; monitor every 8-12 hours
External fixation
157
Long term glycemic control determined by ...
HgA1C
158
The best 3 ways to manage diabetes
1. Education
2. Diet
3. Exercise
159
Shaking, sweating , tachycardia, dizziness, anxiousness, irritability are clinical manifestations of ... ; BG < 70.
Hypoglycemia
160
Which type of insulin has onset 1-3 hrs , peak 4-12, duration 16-24
Intermediate
161
This type of drug therapy lowers both basal and post meal glucose level in type II diabetics reducing hepatic glucose production and the tissue sensitivity to insulin
Metformin (Glucophage)
162
Carbohydrate replacement ( 15-20 g of glucose); Glucagon (subcut or IM); 50 % Dextrose (IV); - are treatments of ...
Hypoglycemia
163
Polyuria (dehydration) - Polydipsia (cell starvation )- Polyphagia - no insulin - fats break down ( ketones) -metabolic acidosis ( Kussmaul )- fruity breath; BG > 250
Hyperglycemia
164
Caused by infection; other stressors, 3Ps, dry skin, Kussmaul, lethargy, dehydration, BG > 300; sudden onset ; Type 1 diabetes complication ...
DKA - diabetic ketoacidosis
165
During 24 hrs - 5-10 L of fluids - isotonic saline; 5%D in 0.45 saline; regular insulin by continuous IV infusion ; IV potassium ; are treatments of ...
DKA
166
Caused by infection, poor fluid intake; altered CNS function: seizures, myoclonic jerking; severe dehydration; BG > 600; gradual onset; complication of type 2 diabetes ....
HHS - hyperosmolar state
167
Systemic effects of diabetes : chronic complications
1. Macrovascular : arteriosclerotic and atherosclerotic changes in large arteries and veins; coronary artery disease(MI), cerebral artery disease (stroke), peripheral vascular disease
2. Microvascular changes : nephropathy (ESKD), retinopathy, neuropathy (foot ulcers)
168
Long - acting Insulin; never mixed; no peak time
Glargine (Lantus)
169
Intermidiate - acting insulin ; peak time 6-12 hrs; can be mixed with regular
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N)
170
Short - acting insulin; peak time 2-5 hrs; can be mixed with NPH;
Regular ( Humulin R, Novolin R)
171
Rapid - acting insulin ; peak time 0.5-1.5 hr;
Lispro (Humalog)
172
Diagnosis of diabetes : obtained on 2 occasions
1. FBG > 126 (100) - 8 hrs no caloric intake
2. Glucose tolerance test > 200 (140) - 2 hrs post load
3. HbA1C > 6.5 (4-6) - glycemic control over 120 days
173
Coplications of insulin therapy
1. Hypoglycemia
2. Lipoatrophy (tx: inject insulin at the edge)
3. Lipohypertrophy (tx: rotate inj site )
4. Fasting hyperglycemia
- Dawn phenomenon (tx: more insulin before bed)
- Samogyi phenomenon (tx: more food before bed )
174
This type of drug increase insulin secretion in the treatment of type 2 diabetes ; side effect - hypoglycemia
Sulfonylurea agents : 1st generation - Tolbutamide ; 2nd generation - Glipizide
175
This type of drug improves tissue sensitivity to insulin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes ; not for patients with liver impairment; can take 2-3 months to work;
TZD - Avandia
176
What is the treatment of choice for pt. experiencing hypovolemic shock due to pelvic fracture
Crystalloids, colloids, blood products, plasma expenders
177
The bone marrow produces ...
RBC + WBC + Platelets
178
What precaution should be implemented with thrombocytopenia ?
Bleeding precaution
179
Low WBC, CD4 count less than 200, fever, night sweats, and opportunistic infection present manifestations of ...
AIDS
180
Everyone who has HIV infection has AIDS, but not everyone who has AIDS has HIV ... True or False ?
False
181
Organisms that are present in normal environment and usually kept in check by normal immune response ; can be protozoan , bacterial , fungal or viral
Opportunistic infection
182
Use of strategies to prevent the actual occurance of cancer : avoid carcinogens; modify associated factors ( alcohol, high fat, low fiber, multiple sex partners); remove at risk tissues ( moles, breasts, colon polyps); chemoprevention ( vitamin D + tamoxifen - breast cancer) ; vaccination
Primary prevention
183
use of screening strategies to detect cancer early, ; yearly mammography (> 40 ); colonoscopy ( 50); digital rectal examination ( men > 50)
Secondary prevention
184
Type of surgery; removing part of the tumor
Cytoreductive / debulking surgery
185
1. Neutropenia: low WBC; infection risk - sepsis
2. Thrombocytopenia : low platelets; risk for excessive bleeding
3. Anemia: low RBC; ineffective tissue perfusion
4. N&V : antiemetics
5. Mucositis ; stomatitis
6. Alopecia ( injury to scalp, body image)
7. Peripheral neuropathy : prevent injury
Side effects of chemotherapy
186
Oncologic emergency; organisms enter bloodstream ; vasodiilation, hypotension, high T, WBC, RR; low urinary output ; hypoxia .... symptoms of ...
Sepsis / Septicemia
187
Oncologic emergency ; problem with blood clotting process; clots block blood vessels (pain, oliguria, bowel necrosis... ) ;tx: anticoagulants; bleeding from many sites - hemorrhage ; tx: give clotting factors
DIC - Disseminated intravascular coagulation
188
Oncologic emergency; seen in carcinoma of the lungs; can occur very quickly; water is reabsorbed causing fluid overload, hyponatremia (seizures, coma), muscle cramps, fatigue; pulmonary edema - HF. TX: fluid restriction , Na intake, cancer therapy .
SIDH - syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
189
Oncologic emergency; damage occurs when a tumor enters the spinal cord or vertebra collapse from tumor degradation of the bone ; S/s: back pain, paralysis, numbness, tingling, muscle weakness ; tx: palliative
Spinal Cord Compression
190
Oncologic emergency; SVC is compressed or obstructed by tumor growth; blockage of blood flow to head, neck, upper trunk; edema of face; Stokes sign (collar); tx: radiation
SCV- Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
191
Oncologic emergency; tumor cells destroyed rapidly (K+purines) - faster than body can eliminate them - ARF ( hyperuricemia) ; tx: Hydration ( 3-5 L of water day before, day of, 3 days after chemo or radiation)
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
192
Most common symptom - fatigue; dyspnea on exertion, orthostatic hypotension, intolerance to cold temperature, clublike nails, pallor of ears, headache ... symptoms of ...
Anemia
193
Red meat, organ meat, egg yolks, kidney beans, leafy green vegetables, raisins are food sources of ...
Iron
194
Transfusion reaction; severe pain in kidney and chest; high T, HR, low BP ....
Acute hemolytic reaction
195
Transfusion reaction; coughing, wheezing, N&V , low BP ....
Severe allergic reaction
196
transfusion reaction; high T; chills, flushed skin, back pain, V&D, low BP ...
Bacterial reaction (infectious)
197
Transfusion reaction; high BP, HR, dyspnea, confusion, jugular vein distended
Circulatory overload
198
The purpose of this type of treatment is to destroy cancer cells with minimal exposure to normal cells ....
Radiation
199
Type of radiation; distant ; external to the patient; patient is not radioactive and is not a hazard to others
Teletherapy
200
Type of radiation; close; direct contact with tumor tissue; uses radioactive isotopes ( solid form or within body fluids); patient is hazard to others
Brachytherapy
201
HIV : precaution
Standard
202
Testing for HIV
1. Lymphocyte count : CD4 + T cell; WBC
2. Antibody tests : (made 3 weeks - 3 months ) : ELISA, Western blot;
3. Viral load testing (monitor treatment)
203
HAART; inhibit viral replication; important issue - drug resistant mutations in the HIV organisms ( bc of missed doses of drug)
Antiretroviral therapy
204
Protozoal infection; S/s: dyspnea, dry cough, fever, fatigue, weight loss...
PCP - pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
205
Fungul infection; S/s: mouth - cottage cheese-like yellowish white plaque and inflammation ; women - persistent yeast infection ....
Candida albicans
206
Bacterial infection ; systemic; S/s: fever, weight loss, organ disease, swollen lymph glands ....
MAC - mucobacterium avium complex
207
Viral infection; S/s: numbness and tingling before blister forms; fever, bleeding, pain ...
HSV - herpes simplex virus
208
Cancer; develops as small, purpulish brown raised lesions that are not painful; occur anywhere on the body
Kaposi's sarcoma (HIV pts)
209
Benign breast problems of women approaching menopause; caused by dilation and thickening of collecting ducts
Ductal ectasia
210
What type of breast surgery removes breast tissue , nipple , lymph nodes and leaves muscle intact
Modified radical mastectomy
211
Uterine tissue implantation outside of uterine cavity
Endometriosis
212
Caused by changes in the level of serotonin fluid shifts; physical and emotional symptoms occur in women ages 20-40 : depression, angry outbursts, ...
PMS - premenstrual syndrome
213
What are two characteristic symptoms of BPH
Hyperplasia + Hypertrophy
214
Alpha adrenargic receptors; constrict the prostate gland
Flomax
215
male reproductive emergency in which spermatic cord and blood vessels are twisted
Testicular scrotal torsion
