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Evolution > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Mutation

A

Random change, the top driver of natural selection, without there is no genetic diversity

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2
Q

Vestigial organs

A

Structures in an organism that have lost most or all of their original function through evolution

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3
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

Example of evolution ion pharmaceuticals, bacteria is no longer taken out by antibiotics

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4
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which one species splits into two or more new species. Happens when groups of the same species becomes isolated and evolve differently overtime until they can no longer reproduce with one another

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics or traits of an organism as a result from the interaction of the organism’s genotype with the environment

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6
Q

Life History Strategy

A

Schedule and manner of investment in survivorship and reproduction over the lifetime of an individual
The overall plan an organism uses to grow, reproduce, and survive over its lifetime. It reflects how the organism allocates its energy and resources to these key activities in order to maximize its chances of passing on its genes

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7
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an organism and all the genes it carries

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8
Q

Exaptation

A

Trait that serves a purpose now, but evolved another under different selection pressure

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9
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Current geological processes taking place now are the ones that sculpted the earth
Charles Lyell

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10
Q

Norm of Reaction

A

The range of phenotypes that a single genotype can produce in response to different environmental conditions
Illustrates how organisms with the same genetic makeup can exhibit different traits depending on their environment

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11
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Selective breeding, humans select and breed individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring

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12
Q

Direct fitness

A

number of viable offspring an individual produces × the proportion of the individual’s genes in those offspring.

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13
Q

Indirect fitness

A

extra reproductive success that an individual causes in their genetic relatives by helping them survive or reproduce, multiplied by the degree of relatedness.

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14
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Direct fitness and indirect fitness

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15
Q

Homoplasy

A

A trait that is shared by two or more species because t has been inherited from a common ancestor.

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16
Q

Common ancestor

A

An individual or species from which two or more different species descended

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17
Q

Morphological data

A

Observable physical characteristics of an organism

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18
Q

Phylogeography

A

How a group of populations or species moved across the globe over the course of their evolutionary history

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19
Q

Outgroup

A

Group related but diverged earlier

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20
Q

Paraphyletic group

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A

A group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not including all the descendant groups

21
Q

Monophyletic group

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A

A taxonomic group consisting of all descendants of the groups most recent common ancestor and no others

22
Q

Parsimony

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A

The best phylogeny is the one that explains the observed character data and posits the fewest evolutionary changes

23
Q

Phylogenetic Systematics

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A

Organizing life based off Evolutionary history
Willi Hennig

24
Q

Transversion mutation

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A

Purine replaced by pyrimidine
Pyrimidine replaced by purine

25
Transition mutation
Purine is replaced by purine Pyrimidine is replaced by pyrimidine
26
Hybrid Zone
A part of parapatric speciation where diverging populations come together
27
Biological Species concept
Groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups
28
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Draw species boundaries using hard derived characters that are unique to one monophyletic group
29
Genealogical Species Concept
Biological and Phylogenetic species concepts Use multi-locus method of species delimitation using several single locus genealogies in a genealogical concordance approach
30
Allopatric Speciation
The process by which new species form when populations of the same species become geographically isolated from each other
31
Parapatric Speciation
Occurs when populations are partially geographically separated They live next to each other but experience different environmental conditions or selection pressures
32
Sympatric Speciation
The process by which new species evolove from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographical area Due to reproductive isolation
33
Ring Species Concept
An ancestral population spreads down along a barrier resulting in a series of descendant populations. As a result of selection and drift, populations along each side of the barrier diverge from each other.
34
prezygotic reproductive isolation
Mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization from occurring between different species Barriers that act BEFORE fertilization
35
postzygotic reproductive isolation
Barriers that occur after fertilization preventing the resulting offspring from developing into a fertile, viable adult. Reduce chances that the hybrid offspring will survive or reproduce
36
Cambrian Explosion
A rapid period of evolutionary diversification around 541 MYA Most major animal groups appeared in the fossil record leading to the development of complex body plan and ecosystems
37
Endemic Species
Native to a small particular region Extinction is common and local = global
38
Background Extinction
Normal, continuous rate of species extinction that occurs over time due to natural processes Caused by predation, climate change, disease or competition
39
Local extinction
When a species disappears from a specific geographical area but continues to exist elsewhere.
40
Punctuated Equilibrium
Evolutionary theory that suggests species remain relatively stable over long periods but experience rapid bursts of change and speciation in relatively short periods.
41
Phyletic Gradualism
Evolutionary theory that suggests species evolve slowly and steadily over long periods through small, incremental changes.
42
Anagenesis
Evolutionary change within a single species over time, leading to the gradual transformation of the species into a new form without branching into multiple species Linear evolution
43
Red Queen Hypothesis
Takes all the running in the world to stay in the same place
44
Red Queen Hypothesis Predictions
1. Oscillations int he relative frequency of asexual lineages when parasites are present 2. Time lags between evolution of a new host defense and the ability of the pathogen to find a way around it 3. Correlation between parasite load and sexual reproduction
45
Escape and Radiate Coevolution
An evolutionary process where one species evolves a defense to escape its predator or parasite, leading to its diversification, which is then followed by counter-adaptations and diversification in the interacting species.
46
Coevolution
When heritable traits in species 1 drive changes to heritable traits in species 2 which feedback to changes in species 1 and so on
47
Aposematic coloration
Use of bright, conspicuous colors or patterns by an organism to warn predators that it is toxic, unpalatable, or otherwise dangerous.
48
Batesian Mimicry
Form of mimicry in which a harmless species evolves to imitate the warning signals of a harmful or unpalatable species to avoid predation.
49
Diffuse Coevolution
Reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs when a set of species collectively imposes and experiences selection pressures, so adaptations in any one species are shaped by interactions with many partners rather than a single counterpart. Complex, non-pairwise relationships between organisms

Evolution (8 decks)

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