Quest 2

Question 1

Phylogenetic Systematics

Answer 1

Organizing life based off Evolutionary history
Willi Hennig

Question 2

Phylogeny

Answer 2

Branching relationships of populations as they give rise to multiple descendant populations over evolutionary time

Question 3

Characters

Answer 3

Any observable characteristic

Question 4

What can be used as a character?

Answer 4

A trait or feature of an organism that provides useful information about its evolutionary relationships with other organisms

Question 5

Character state/trait

Answer 5

Morphology, anatomy, behavior, molecular data

Question 6

What are the two traits can give us?

Answer 6

1) The observations of traits can infer patterns of ancestry and descent
2) Traits can be mapped to infer evolutionary events

Question 7

What are the two hypotheses you can ask with phylogenetics?

Answer 7

1) Relationships and pattern of evolutionary processes
2) Phylogenetics allows us to test past hypotheses

Question 8

Node of phylogenetic tree

Answer 8

Common ancestor

Question 9

What are branches on phylogenetic trees?

Answer 9

Descendants

Question 10

What is a root on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 10

Common ancestor to the whole tree, link to rest of life

Question 11

Outgroup

Answer 11

Group related but diverged earlier

Question 12

Sister taxa

Answer 12

Taxa from the same node

Question 13

Monophyletic group

Answer 13

Common ancestor and all descendants

Question 14

Polytomy

Answer 14

Node with more than two branches

Question 15

Clade

Answer 15

Group of organisms that share a common ancestor

Question 16

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 16

Binomial nomenclature

Question 17

Monophyletic group

Answer 17

A taxonomic group consisting of all descendants of the groups most recent common ancestor and no others

Question 18

Paraphyletic group

Answer 18

A group of organisms descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not including all the descendant groups

Question 19

Cladogram

Answer 19

Has the branch tips aligned and indicates only the evolutionary relationships among the species shown
Shows least amount of info

Question 20

Phylogram

Answer 20

Indicates evolutionary relationships and also represents the amount of sequence change along each branch by means of differing horizontal branch lengths.

Question 21

Chronogram

Answer 21

Showing actual time at divergence

Question 22

Homologous trait

Answer 22

Shared by two or more species because they inherited this trait from a common ancestor

Question 23

Analogous

Answer 23

Due to convergent evolution

Question 24

Homology

Answer 24

Similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor

Question 25

Analogy

Answer 25

Similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have different origins

Question 26

Divergent Evolution

Answer 26

Represents the evolutionary pattern in which species sharing a common ancestry become more distinct due to differential selection pressure which gradually leads to speciation over an evolutionary time period

Question 27

Convergent Evolution

Answer 27

When two or more unrelated species independently evolve similar traits or adaptations due to similar environmental pressures, resulting in analogous structures that serve similar functions despite not sharing a recent common ancestor

Question 28

Morphological data

Answer 28

Observable physical characteristics of an organism

Question 29

Common Ancestor

Answer 29

Ancestral group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages

Question 30

Synapomorphy

Answer 30

When a derived trait is shared because of a pattern of common ancestry

Question 31

Derived trait

Answer 31

When a trait has evolved from another trait

Question 32

Homoplasy

Answer 32

A trait that is shared by two or more species because t has been inherited from a common ancestor.

Question 33

Symplesiomorphy

Answer 33

An ancestral shared trait that confuses actual relationships

Question 34

Why are there vestigial Organs?

Answer 34

1) Not selected against, not causing harm 2) Some NS against, but weak and it is slow to be removed 3)The trait has a function we have not found 4) Trait disadvantageous but no ready path for NS to remove 5) Trait linked to second trait that is being selected for

Question 35

What do you need to make a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 35

Some taxa, characters, method

Question 36

Parsimony

Answer 36

The best phylogeny is the one that explains the observed character data and posits the fewest evolutionary changes

Question 37

Rooting the Phylogeny

Answer 37

Helps us with polarity and tells us if a character is ancestral or derived

Question 38

Phylogeography

Answer 38

How a group of populations or species moved across the globe over the course of their evolutionary history

Question 39

Phylogenetic Distance Methods

Answer 39

One way to measure molecular distance between species is to count the number of differences

Question 40

Maximum likelihood

Answer 40

Statistical method before phylogenetic search criterion Give a model of evolution and ask how likely am I to get this model Method for creating a phylogenetic tree

Question 41

Bayesian Inferences

Answer 41

Employs MCMC stats, which tree is most probable Method for creating a phylogenetic tree

Question 42

Bootstrap resampling

Answer 42

Resampling of the original data set by picking traits one at a tie from the original data. 100% is good when on a tree.

Question 43

microevolutionary processes

Answer 43

migration and dispersal

Question 44

Macroevolutionary processes

Answer 44

radiations and speciation

Question 45

Independent Contrasts

Answer 45

Do not compare all organisms equally, rather look at evolutionary clades, compare between those with a shared evolutionary history.