Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Evolution > Quest 3 > Flashcards

Quest 3 Flashcards

(88 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Transmission genetics

A

mechanism by which genes are passed on from parents to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 things did Mendel’s Law do?

A
  1. Segregation - disproved blended inheritance
  2. Independent Assortment - genes at one loci are independent of other loci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Particulate Inheritance

A

Hereditary particles responsible for inherited physical characteristics stayed separate and not blend and one “absorb” the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making RNA from DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Promotor

A

DNA sequences that marks the beginning of a gene’s transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that copies DNA to RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Proteins

A

Complex molecules made up of AAs linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA carries genetic info from DNA to cytoplasm of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Amino acid

A

Formed from 3 base pairs, acts as building blocks for proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, helps build proteins by carrying amino acids to ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the usual DNA sequence at a particular gene loci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

rRNA

A

Makes up the majority of ribosomes in cells, and is essential for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Codons

A

3 letter genetic sequence in DNA and RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

microRNA

A

non-coding RNA molecule the regulates gene expression by binding to mRNA and preventing it from producing proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Translocation

A

the process of making proteins from RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

APE sites of ribosomes

A

3 binding sites for tRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gene

A

Basic unit of heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does it mean when the genetic code is REDUNDANT and SPECIFIC

A

More than one codon will code for one AA but one AA can not be formed by more than codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Intron

A

Taken out during RNA splicing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Exon

A

What is left after RNA splicing, linked together to form RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Alternative splicing

A

Can lead to different proteins based on what exons are kept and which are spliced out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alleles

A

One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a particular region of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic make up of an organism, the set of genes it carries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Phenotype

A

The observable characteristics of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Homozygous
Have two identical versions of the same gene, one from each parent
26
Heterozygous
Having two different versions o the same gene, one from each parent
27
Codominant
Multiple alleles dominant over a recessive
28
Enhancers
Enhance transcription
29
Silencers
Silence transcription
30
31
Epigenetic inheritance
Heritable mechanisms that alter gene expression without changes to the DNA Cellular level
32
Methylation
Often stops transcription by blocking promoters and RNA polymerase
33
Histone modification
Influence transcription through decondensation
34
Cell differentiation
The process by which immature cells develop into mature cells with specific functions
35
Genomic imprinting
The process that controls which copy of a gene is expressed in an individual
36
X inactivation
A process in females where one or two X chromosomes in each is randomly silenced
37
Developmental Plasticity
The ability of an organism to change its form, movement, or activity rate in response to its environment
38
Four sources of genetic variation
1. Recombination 2. Mutation 3. Migration 4. Lateral gene transfer
39
What is the ultimate source of variation?
Mutation
40
Transition mutation
Purine is replaced by purine Pyrimidine is replaced by pyrimidine
41
Transversion mutation
Purine replaced by pyrimidine Pyrimidine replaced by purine
42
Synonymous mutation
Mutation that will still encode he same AA
43
Silent mutation
Has no change in function
44
Nonsense mutation
Codon now encodes for a stop codon
45
Insertion mutation
Adds nucleotide or codon
46
Deletion mutation
Removes nucleotides or codon
47
Frameshift mutation
Occurs when and insertion or deletion is not a perfect 3
48
Gene duplication
A second copy of region is inserted into chromosome
49
Gene duplication
A gene region is taken out
50
Gene inversion
A gene region is inverted
51
Gene translocation
A section of one chromosome is moved to a different chromosome
52
Are all mutations bad?
No they can be good, bad or neutral
53
Are mutations planned?
No the mutations are random changes
54
3 flaws of Mendel
1. most variation seems continuous 2. inheritance vs Darwinian Selection 3. Frequencies of discrete traits nature doesn't equal Mendel
55
What 2 things did Hardy's model accomplish?
1.Used math to understand population dynamics under Mendelian Inheritance 2.Cleared up that dominance does not always mean better, recessive does not always mean worse
56
Stable equilibrium
Change in the allele frequencies pushes them back to where is was
57
Unstable equillibrium
any change in allele frequencies will completely change the population
58
Mixed equilibrium
Some changes in allele frequencies will change the population others will not.
59
Neutral equilibrium
Change in allele frequencies doesn't matter
60
What are the 3 conclusions of Hardy-Weinberg?
1. Frequencies of alleles p and q do not change over time w/out evolution processes 2. Given allele frequencies and random mating we can predict the equilibrium genotype frequencies ( p^2 2pq q^2) 3. If there are no evolution processes at work then a population is not in HWE but will go to HWE in one generation
61
What are the 5 HWE assumptions?
1. No natural selection acting on that trait 2. Random mating - no sexual selection in respect to that trait 3. No mutation - at this loci or trait 4. No migration or gene flow 5. No genetic drift - population is infinite
62
Hardy-Weinberg equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
63
Selection coefficient
measure of how much a particular trait or genetic variant affects an organism's survival and reproduction compared to others in the population (how strongly natural selection is acting AGAINST a particular allele)
64
S=0
Allele has no effect on fitness, no selection against
65
S=0.25
25% reduction in fitness
66
High S value means?
stronger selection AGAINST the trait/allele
67
Frequency independent selection
The fitness associated with a trait is not directly dependent on the frequency of the trait in the population
68
Directional selection
Type of frequency independent selection One phenotype is favored over another (DD over dd or dd over DD)
69
Stabilizing selection
Type of frequency dependent selection Intermediate is favored over either extreme (Dd is favored over DD or dd)
70
Disruptive selection
Type of frequency independent selection Two extremes are favored over the intermediate (DD or dd favored over Dd)
71
What type of frequency dependent selection leads to speciation?
Disruptive selection
72
Overdominance
Heterozygote advantage Results in a balanced polymorphism and is a case of stable equilibrium
73
Underdominance
Heterozygote disadvantage Heterozygote is the worst phenotype
74
Why is underdominance not found in nature?
The alleles have already gone to fixation
75
Why is underdominance considered frequency independent?
While direction of fixation depends on frequency SELECTION ON PHENOTYPE DOES NOT
76
Frequency dependent selection
When the cost or benefit associated with the trait changes depending on its frequency in the population
77
Positive frequency dependent selection
Fitness of the trait increases as the frequency increases (leads to unstable equilibrium)
78
Negative frequency dependent selection
When the fitness associated with the trait decreases as the frequency increases (leads to balanced polymorphism)
79
Model for mutation
A1 mutates to A2 at a rate of u A2 mutates to A1 at a rate of v
80
Equilibrium frequencies of our alleles under mutation
p^2 = v/(u+v) q^2 = u/(u+v)
81
Mutation - Selection Balance
When the rate of deleterious allele elimination = rate of new allele creation via mutation
82
Assortative mating
Like mates with mate
83
Disassortative mating
Mate with those different from themselves
84
Identity by descent
Two or more individuals inherit the exact same DNA segment from a common ancestor without an changes
85
selfing
The most extreme version of inbreeding
86
How does inbreeding change genotype and allele frequencies?
Genotype frequencies - favor homozygotes Allele frequencies - do NOT change
87
F-stat
Inbreeding coefficient
88
Inbreeding depression
The result of selfing and reproduction with genetic relatives Happens as a consequence of increasing homozygosity

Evolution (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions