Final Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
dysuria
A
•pain/difficulty passing urine
2
Q
hematuria
A
•visible blood in urine
3
Q
microscopic hematuria
A
•blood in urine only detected w/ microscopic analysis
4
Q
stress incontinence
A
- involuntary loss of urine due to increased intra-abdominal pressure
- decreased contractility of urethral sphincter
- poor support of bladder neck
- coughing, sneezing, laughing, lifting
5
Q
urge incontinence
A
- difficulty holding urine once urge to void
* suggests detrusor overactivity
6
Q
overflow incontinence
A
- bladder can’t be emptied until bladder pressure exceeds urethral
- neurogenic abnormality
7
Q
functional incontinence
A
•involuntary loss of urine due to impaired cognition, musculoskeletal problems, immobility
8
Q
kidney/flank pain
A
- visceral
- dull, steady ache
- radiates anterior ally toward umbilicus
- fever, chills, pyelonephritis
9
Q
pyelonephritis
A
•kidney inflammation/infection
10
Q
ureteral pain
A
- visceral
- originates at CVA
- radiates around trunk into LQ, thigh, testicle or labium
- sudden obstruction of ureter from stones/clots
11
Q
upper urinary system
A
•kidney’s and ureters
12
Q
lower urinary system
A
•bladder and urethra
13
Q
UTI
A
- most involve lower urinary system
* UTI progression up -> pyelonephritis
14
Q
urine obstruction
A
- reduced urine flow
- bacteria can easily travel up ureters
- caused by BPH, abdominal/pelvic masses, stones in bladder, kidney, ureter
15
Q
BPH
A
- benign prostatic hypertrophy
* causes urination problems
16
Q
bladder palpation
A
•not usually palpable
17
Q
ureteral stricture
A
•narrowing of the ureteral lumen, causing functional obstruction
18
Q
kidney palpation
A
- not usually palpable
* pain on palpation indicates pyelonephritis
19
Q
polycystic dz
A
- disorder where clusters of cysts develop within the kidneys
- bilateral
- genetic
20
Q
priapism
A
- erection > 4 hrs not related to sexual excitement
- painful
- damage to penis
- secondary to venous engorgement
21
Q
venous engorgement
A
•distention of veins w/ blood or lymph
22
Q
aging male reproductive system
A
- decreased penis size
- testicles hang lower in scrotum
- prostate gland enlargement (BPH)
23
Q
hypospadias
A
- congenital ventral displacement of meatus
* closer to the body
24
Q
menarche
A
•age at onset of menses
25
menopause
* absence of menses for 12 consecutive months
| * 48-55 y/o
26
dysmenorrhea
* painful menstruation
| * primary or secondary (endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometrial polyps)
27
endometriosis
* tissue lining uterus grows outside of uterus
| * painful
28
pelvic inflammatory dz (PID)
* infection of the female reproductive organs
| * usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from your vagina to your uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries
29
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
* emotional behaviors/symptoms 5 days prior to menses
* must have sx for at least 3 cycles
* sleep disturbances
* poor concentration
* interference w/ ADLs
* social withdrawals
* sx cease w/in 4 days of menses onset
30
amenorrhea
•abnormal absence of menstruation
31
aging female reproductive/breast
* menopause
* trophy and hair loss of vulva
* breast tissue atrophy (replaced w/ adipose)
* breasts softer/pendulous
* nipple invert
32
HRT
•hormone replacement therapy
33
OC
•oral contraceptives
34
BSE
* breast self examination
* arms at side, above head
* hands on hips firmly, lean fwd
35
Gardisil
•targets types 16 & 18 HPV
36
external hemorrhoids
* varicose veins of rectum
* subjective ℅ itching/pain/burn
* more visible standing/defecating
37
thrombosed hemorrhoid
* bluish, shiny edematous mass on the anus
* clots in anal veins
* very painful
38
internal hemorrhoids
* painless unless thromboses, infected, or prolapsed
| * bleed w/ and w/o defecation
39
melena
* dark red blood in stool
| * indicates problem upper GI
40
fistula
* inflammatory tract or tube that opens at one end in the anus/rectum and at the other end onto the skin surface
* may have serosanguinous or purulent drainage
41
fissure
•tear in anal mucosa
42
external muscle sphincter of anus
* voluntary
* holds anus closed
* pain absent past sphincter
43
pilonidal cyst
* bottom of coccyx
* from ingrown hair or trauma
* can become infected and pilled w/ puss
44
pilonidal abscess
* infected pilonidal cyst
* looks like infected pimple at bottom of coccyx superior to butt crack
* more common in men
45
hematochezia
* bright red blood in the stool
| * indicates lower GI issue
46
comprehensive physical exam
•annual physical exam in clinic
47
comprehensive admitting assessment
* 30-45 min
* establish individualized POC
* provides further HCPs w/ info about pt physical, psychological, fxnl, social, and spiritual abilities
* completed w/in 24 hrs of admission
48
data from admitting assessment
* subjective- risk, s/s, PMH
* objective- gen survey, VS, head-to-toe, fall risk, skin breakdown risk
* really detailed
49
baseline shift/bedside assessment
* 10-15 min
* pt status
* what we are doing in clinical
50
focused hospital assessment
* brief (1-20 min)
* focus on issue that may have changed specifically
* may require intervention modification
* Ex: pt w/ SOB- get O2 sat. immediately
51
prioritizing pts
* follow ABC rule
* airway
* breathing
* consciousness
52
indicators of unstable status
* cyanosis/pallor
* dyspnea
* strained posture
* anxious facial expression
* distressed appearance
* high/low HR or BP
* change in mental status
* new onset of chest pain (CP)
53
if pt has dressing/IV/tubing/O2
•check first before beginning BSA
54
handoff summary
* transfer of care from one HCP to another
* shift change
* nurse leaving unit
* transfer of pt
* return from PACU/test
55
CMS
circulation, motion, sensation
56
reflection
•echoing pt words
57
clarification
•tell me what you mean by that
58
functional assessment
•measure of self care ability related to:
1. ) ADLs
2. ) activities needed for independent living (cooking, cleaning, etc)
3. ) personal habits (drugs, exercise, etc)
59
standard precautions
•all blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, non-intact skin, and mucus membranes can possibly transmit pathogens
60
general survey data
1. ) physical appearance
2. ) state of health
3. ) grooming/hygiene
4. ) mobility
5. ) behavior
61
temperature ranges
* 35.8-37.3 C
| * 96.4-99.1 F
62
pulse deficit
•diff. b/t apical and peripheral pulse rate
63
stroke volume
•amnt blood exits LV during ctx (beat)
64
HR increases when...
•blood volume decreases
65
pulse pressure
* SP-DP
| * increases w/ age b/c SP increases
66
BP range
•90/60 - 139/89
67
peripheral vascular resistance
* afterload
* what heart has to push against during ctx
* higher w/ narrow arteries
68
too small BP cuff
•false high reading
69
too large BP cuff
•false low reading
70
Korotkoff sound I
•systolic BP
71
Korotkoff sound IV
•muffling
72
Kortkoff sound V
* diastolic BP
| * when sound stops
73
intractable pain
* severe, constant pain that isn't curable
| * causes bed/house bound state
74
localized edema
•indicates injury
75
systemic edema
•fluid accumulates at dependent part of body
76
primary lesion
•develops on normal skin
77
secondary lesion
•changes to lesion or disturbed skin over time
78
vascular lesion
•develops b/c of blood supply issue to skin
79
macule
* non palpable
| * freckle
80
vesicle
* palpable- serous fld
| * chix pox, blister, herpes
81
postule
* palpable- puss
| * acne
82
burrow
* tunnel- fluid
| * mites/scabes
83
papule
* palpable- solid
| * mole
84
nodule/tumor
* palpable- bigger solid
| * wart; cyst
85
wheal
* palpable- solid
| * insect bite/hives
86
erosion
•non-scarring/non-bleeding loss of epi
87
ulcer
* deeper loss of epi/dermins
| * bleed and scar
88
excoriation
•linear erosions caused by scratching
89
lichenification
* thick leathery skin due to rubbing
| * eczema
90
scar
•extra connective tissue
91
keloid
•overgrowth of rubbery tissue around scar
92
purpura
* vascular lesion
* non-palpable
* deep red
93
petechiae
•small purpura
94
SSE
```
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color variation
Diameter 6 mm or >
Evolving
```
95
thyroid cartilage
•superior lump of trachea
96
thyroid isthmus
* joins thyroid lobes
| * inferior to cricoid
97
cricoid cartilage
•b/t thyroid cartilage and thyroid gland
98
cornea reflex
* cotton ball touch
| * test CN 5 & 7
99
conjunctiva coloring
* pink- normal
* red- infection
* pale- anemia
100
confrontation test
•wiggle fingers into pt line of gaze
101
Hirschberg test
•corneal light reflex
102
consensual light reflex
•constriction of pupil that light is not shining on
103
infant eustachian tube
* horizontal
| * pull back and up
104
adult eustachian tube
* sloped
| * pull back and down
105
uvula inspection
* midline and rises w/ "ahh" shows vagus nerve in tact
| * if had stroke, leans toward opp. side
106
tonsil grading
* absent
* 1+ barely visible
* 2+ halfway to uvula
* 3+ touching uvula
* 4+ touching each other
107
acute dypsnea indicates
* anaphylaxis
* pulmonary embolism
* pneumothorax
* anxiety
108
cough indicates
* L side heart failure
* URI
* bronchitis/pneumonia
109
wheezing indicates
* airway obstruction
* tissue inflammation
* asthma
110
normal percussion over supraclavicular
* resonance
| * where apex of lungs is
111
normal breath sounds
* vesicular
| * inspiration longer than expiration
112
crackles (rales)
* air passing thru fld or expanding airways
* discontinuous
* non musical
* not cleared w/ cough
* fine or coarse
113
wheezes
* turbulent flow
* continuous
* high pitched musical
* over tissue
114
rhonchi
* turbulent flow
* continuous
* high pitched musical
* over bronchi
* coarse mucus related
* clear w/ cough
115
spleen
* stores RBCS
* makes RBCs and WBCs
* normally not palpable
116
diastole
* blood from A to V
* aortic/pulmonic valve closed
* mitral/tricuspid open
* b/t S2 & S1
* longer than systole
117
S1 heart sounds
* lub
* loudest over apex
* when mitral/tricuspid close
* ctx- systole begins
118
S2 heart sounds
* dub
* loudest over base
* aortic/pulmonic close
* rlx- diastole begins
119
murmur grading
•1 barely audible -> 6 loud w/ scope above chest and palpable thrill
*4 when start feeling thrill
120
causes of hypoalbuminemia
•renal disorder
121
vertebral curvature
* C & L- concave; lordosis
| * T & S- convex; kyphosis
122
older adult musculoskeletal
* decreased height (arm/leg same)
* osteoporosis
* muscle atrophy
* kyphosis
123
consciousness
* level of alertness
| * depends on interaction b/t cerebral hemispheres and RAS
124
corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
* motor
* smooth, delicate, voluntary movement
* Ex: writing
125
spinothalamic tract
* sensory
* pain, temp, touch
* cotton wisp test
126
dorsal (posterior) columns
* sensory
* position
* proprioception
* vibration
* stereognosis
* graphesthesia
127
aging adult NS
```
•neuron atrophy
•slow rxn time
•diminished special senses
•decreased cerebral blood flow -> fall
*no change in mental ability
```
128
dysarthria
* physical difficulty w/ motor aspect of speech
| * slurred and slow or rapid mumbling
129
-osis
•abnormal condition
130
-otomy
* to cut into
| * TEMPORARY opening
131
-ostomy
•to make a PERMANENT opeing
132
stomato
•mouth (opening)
133
rhino
•nose
134
rhinitis
•runny nose
135
aden/o
•gland
136
circum
•to cut around
137
stasis
•to stop
138
hypoxemia
•low blood O2
139
dysrhythmia
•no heart rhythm
140
hemangioma
•tumor of blood vessel
141
cephalgia
•headache
142
myelo
* spinal cord
| * bone marrow
143
-cele
•swelling or hernia
144
-plasia
* development
* formation
* growth
145
-plegia
•paralysis
146
aphasia
•loss of speech
147
-centesis
•to puncture
148
-rrhea
* flow
| * discharge
149
dysphaGIA
•difficulty swallowing
150
tachypena
•rapid breathing
151
-ptysis
* coughing
| * spitting
152
fibrosis
•scarring
153
hydronephrosis
•urine regurgitation into kidney
154
pyelo
•renal collecting ducts
155
oligo
•less than normal
156
-pexy
•to surgically reattach
157
enuresis
•bed wetting
158
-rrhaphy
•to suture
159
-malacia
•softening
160
-asthenia
* weakness
| * loss of strength
161
-trophy
* development
* stimulation
* maintenance
162
-algia/-algesia
•pain
163
arthroscopy
•entering thru joint and visualizing bone surfaces
164
carcinoma
* most common form of cancer
| * develops from epithelial cells
165
sarcoma
* rare form of cancer
| * develops from connective tissue (fat, muscle, bone)
166
BBT
•basal body temp
167
BRP
•bathroom privileges
168
CABG
•coronary artery bypass graft
169
CP
* cerebral palsy
| * cleft palate
170
DKA
•diabetes ketoacidosis
171
DM
* diabetes mellitus
| * diastolic murmur
172
DTR
•deep tendon reflex
173
fx
•fracture
174
IBW
•ideal body weight
175
KVO
•keep vein open
176
LR
* lactated ringer's
| * isotonic IV sol.
177
NS
•normal saline
178
trichotillomania
•irresistible urge to pull out hair/eyebrows
179
anisocoria
* unequal diameter of pupils
| * CN III issue
180
miosis
•constriction of pupils
181
mydriasis
•dilated, fixed pupils
182
ectropion
•eyelids loosen and roll outward
183
entropion
•eyelids roll outward
184
otalgia
•earache
185
pleural effusion
•FLUID in pleural space
186
pneumothorax
* AIR in pleural space
| * absent breath sounds, esp R lat. lobe
187
plethoric
•beat red
188
acrocyanosis
•blue extremities
189
ototoxic drugs
•side effects can cause hearing loss
190
exostosis
•abnormal new growth of bone w/in ear
191
furuncle
•boil in ear
192
pyrosis
•heartburn
193
odynophagia
•painful swallowing
194
right main stem bronchi
* more vertical than left
| * site of aspiration
195
borborygmia
* hyperactive bowel sounds
* diarrhea
* anxiety
* rxn to food
196
presbycusis
* high freq. hearing loss
| * occurs w/ aging
197
how long to wait to take temp after someone drinks/eats
•15-20 min
198
75 y/o on new anti-HTN drug and complains of dizziness
* worried about orthostatic HTN
| * take BP supine, sitting, standing
199
v.s. older adule
* increased systolic
* increased pulse pressure
* arteries stiff -> HTN
200
assessment finding attributed to stiffer arterioles
•increased systolic pressure
201
subjective info
* risk factors
* family history
* lifestyle habits
202
most important step to obtain accurate data about current physical status
•adequate exposure of body areas as they are examined
| *NOT therapeutic comm (that's not part of assessment)
203
what determines strength of pulse
•stroke volume
204
what determines BP
* cardiac output
| * peripheral vascular resistance
205
reason for estimating systolic
•avoid auscultatory gap
206
pt w/ history of falling/injuries
* sign of abuse
| * NOT balance problems
207
where does trachea bifurcate
•sternal angle
208
quadricep ctx
•knee flexion
209
sign of parkinson's
•flat affect
