Unit 3 lecture Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
mediastinum
A
•the space in the chest between the pleural sacs of the lungs that contains all the tissues and organs of the chest except the lungs and pleurae
2
Q
precordium
A
•anterior chest wall
3
Q
point of maximum impulse (PMI)
A
- where auscultate for apical pulse
- 5th ICS at L midclavicular line
- heart bumps chest wall w/ each beat
4
Q
heart wall
A
pericardium -> mycocardium -> endocardium
5
Q
atrioventricular (AV) valves
A
- tricuspid (RA -> RV)
* mitral (LA -> LV)
6
Q
semilunar valves
A
- pulmonic (RV -> pulmonary artery -> lungs)
* aortic (LV -> aorta -> systemic)
7
Q
inferior vena cava
A
•returns blood from liver/lower extremities to RA
8
Q
superior vena cava
A
•returns blood from head/upper extremities to RA
9
Q
pulmonary artery
A
•delivers unoxygenated blood to lungs
10
Q
pulmonary veins
A
•return oxygenated blood to LA
11
Q
diastole
A
- blood from LA to LV
- aortic valve closed
- mitral valve open
- b/t S2 and S1
- longer than systole
12
Q
systole
A
- ejection of blood from LV into aorta
- aortic valve open
- mitral valve closed
- b/t S1 and S2
13
Q
S1 heart sounds
A
- lub
- when MITRAL and tricuspid valves close
- ventricular ctx
- systole begins
- loudest over APEX
14
Q
S2 heart sounds
A
- dub
- when AORTIC and pulmonic valves close
- ventricular rlx
- diastole begins
- loudest over BASE
15
Q
split S2
A
•R side events occur slightly later than L
•hear closure of aortic valve (loudest) first then hear pulmonic closure
*A valve closure louder than P
16
Q
split S1
A
- mitral valve closure louder than tricuspid
* R side events occur slightly later than L
17
Q
S3 (ventricular gallop)
A
- extra heart sound caused by rapid ventricular filling
- occurs during diastole after S2
- detected w/ bell
- normal in children
18
Q
S4
A
- extra heart sound caused by strong atrial ctx
- heard during diastole just before S1
- normal in older/athletic
19
Q
murmur
A
- sound has longer duration
- result of turbulent blood flow
- blowing/swooshing
- caused by increased BV or valvular dz
- high flow, stenosis, incompetent, etc
20
Q
conduction through heart
A
- ) SA node (pacemaker)
- ) AV node
- ) Bundle of His
- ) Bundle branches
- ) Purkinje fibers
- ) ventricles
21
Q
cardiac output
A
- vol. blood ejected in min
* SVxHR
22
Q
stroke volume
A
- vol. of blood ejected w/ each beat
* depends on preload, contractility, afterload
23
Q
preload
A
•load that stretches cardiac muscle before ctx
24
Q
myocardial contractility
A
•ability of cardiac muscle to ctx
25
afterload
* decrees of vascular resistance to ventricular ctx
| * pressure of aorta
26
heart failure
•pathogenic increases in pre/after loads
•causes vol./pressure overload
•changes ventricular fxn
*L ventricle stretches and gets tired
27
carotid arteries
•supply blood to brain, neck, face
28
internal jugular vein
* drains blood head, brain, face, and neck
| * deep to sternocleidomastoid
29
external jugular vein
•drains blood from outside of skull and deep parts of face
30
jugular venous pressure
* reflects RA pressure
* best estimated from R external jugular v.
* assess at 30°
31
aoritc area
* right 2nd ICS at sternal border
| * S2 louder
32
pulmonic area
* left 2nd ICS at sternal border
| * S2 louder
33
Erb's point
•left 3rd ICS at sternal border
34
tricuspid area
* left 4th-5th ICS at sternal border
| * S1 louder
35
PMI (mitral area)
* 5th ICS at LMCL
| * apex
36
infant CV
* heart more horizontal
* rate faster (120-160)
* murmurs common (outgrow)
37
preggo CV
* blood vol. increase
* normal to have murmur
* increase pulse (10-15 bpm)
* BP decreases 2nd trimester and rises back to normal in 3rd
38
aging adult CV
* CAD
* atherosclerosis
* angina
* MI
* arrhythmia
* S3 or S4 b/c heart loses elasticity (reduced compliance LV)
39
highest HTN rate
* African Americans
| * 36%
40
female MI symptoms
* Chest pain/discomfort
* upper back
* jaw pain
* lightheadedness
* unusual fatigue
41
symptoms of heart dz
* inc. resp rate
* SOB on exertion
* dyspnea
* orthopnea
* paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
* nocturia
* ankle edema
* pallor/cyanosis (sign)
* arrythmia
* cough- pink sputum; crackles
42
order of CV/periphery exam
1. ) pulse/BP
2. ) neck vessels
3. ) upper extremities
4. ) precordium
5. ) lower extremities
43
carotid artery assessment
* palpate for contour/amp/strength
* auscultate w/ bell while pt holds breath
* rule out bruit/thrill
44
jugular vein assessment
```
•30-45 degree angle
•turn head away
•direct strong, tangential light
•should not see distention
*look at R external
```
45
JVD
* blood flow refluxes (flows backward) from R atrium into jugular vein
* jugular vein visible
46
diaphragm of stethoscope
•used for HIGH pitched sounds
•S1 and S2 (systole/diastole)
•hold firmly
*listening to valves close
47
bell of stethoscope
* used for low pitched sounds
* extra heart sounds (S3 & S4)
* murmurs
* hold gently to produce seal
48
regular heart rate
•60-100 bpm
49
abnormal findings r/t LV hypertrophy
* heave/lift (see)
| * thrill (feel)
50
abnormal findings related to murmur
* mid systolic click
* S3
* S4
* pericardial friction rub
51
diastolic murmur
•always means heart disease
| *systolic murmur is normally not pathogenic
52
murmur loudest
•over faulty valve
53
Grade I systolic murmur
* lowest intensity (loudness)
| * difficult to hear
54
Grade 2 systolic murmur
* low intensity
| * usually audible
55
Grade 3 systolic murmur
* medium intensity
* easy to hear
* no palpable thrill
56
Grade 4 systolic murmur
* medium intensity
| * palpable thrill
57
Grade 5 systolic murmur
* loud
* palpable thrill
* audible w/ very little scope pressure
58
Grade 6 systolic murmur
* loudest intensity
* palpable thrill
* audible w/ scope raised above chest
59
aortic murmur
* stenosis or regurgitation
* from rheumatic heart disease or calcific changes of aging
* cooing
60
mitral valve murmur
•MVP, regurgitation, or stenosis
•midsystolic click
*MVP more common in women
61
arterial pulses in arm
* brachial
* radial
* ulnar
62
O2 rich blood
•expansion/recoil of artery wall
| *if present in most distal point, don't need to check proximal
63
arterial pulses in legs
* femoral
* popliteal- medial
* dorsalis pedis
* posterior tibial
64
veins in legs
* great saphenous (med)
* small saphenous (lat)
* communicating vv.
65
lymphatic system
* retrieves excess fluid from tissues
* returns fluid to venous system
* drains into R lymphatic duct or thoracic duct
* major part of immune system
* absorbs lipids from intestines
66
major lymph nodes
* upper extremity
| * inguinal area
67
lymphatic capillaries
* located in capillary bed
| * remove excess fluid/proteins from interstitial space
68
lymph dysfunction in capillary bed
•results in edema
| *excess fluid in interstitial spaces
69
causes of edema
1. ) increased cap. blood pressure
2. ) increased capillary membrane permeability
3. ) low plasma protein levels
4. ) blockage or removal of lymphatic drainage
70
causes of increased capillary blood pressure
* CHF
| * venous insufficiency
71
causes of increased capillary membrane permeability
•capillary leak syndrome- inflammatory response to burns, allergic rxn, etc
72
causes low plasma protein levels
•renal disorder
73
lymphedema
* usually non-pitting
* result of lymph node removal
* very common post-mastectomy
74
peripheral vascular symptoms
* leg pain/cramps
* intermittent claudication
* varicosities
* skin/sensation changes
* edema
* node enlargement
* non-healing wounds
* paresthesia
75
weak thready pulse
•indicates decreased cardiac output or shock
76
posterior tibial pulse
•medial
77
arterial insufficeincy
* problem getting to periphery
* lower leg BELOW ankle
* deep ulcer w/ smooth margin little drainage
* gangrene
* shiny, cool lower ext
* leg hair sparse/absent
* pulse diminished/absent
78
venous stasis
* problem getting out of periphery
* pooling of blood
* lower leg ABOVE
* ulcer w/ irregular border and drainage
* edema
* warm/red legs/feet
79
Homan's Sign
•calf pain on dorsiflexion
•indicator of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
•if suspected, don't let pt ambulate b/c at risk for pulmonary embolism
*not a diagnostic
80
virchow's triad
```
*those at risk for DVT
•vessel injury- after surgery
•hypercoagulability- preggo
•venous stasis- quadriplegia; immobile
*also at risk if use contraceptives or smoke
```
81
Allen Test
* test for in tact ulnar artery before doing ABG draw on radial artery
* depress radial artery while pt opens/closes fist
* normal- blood returns vial ulnar artery
* occluded ulnar artery- no blood return
82
congestive heart failure
* as blood flow out of heart slows, blood returning through veins regurgitates
* causes congestion in tissues (legs, ankles, lungs, etc)
83
musculoskeletal system
```
•skeletal muscle
•connective tissue:
1.) bone
2.) cartilage
3.) ligaments
4.) tendons
5.) fascia
```
84
more elastic connective tissue...
•more ROM
85
calcium
•essential for bone growth
86
vitamin D
•necessary for calcium absorption
87
non-synovial joints
* bound by fibrous tissue
| * immovable
88
synovial joints
* most common
* movable
* ball and socket; hinge
89
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
* articulation of mandible and temporal bone
* hinge
* anterior targus
90
spine
•33 vertebrae w/ intervertebral disk b/t
91
landmarks on spine
•C7 and T1 are prominent on base of neck
92
Vertebral curvature
* cervical/lumbar- lordosis (concave)
| * thoracic/sacral- kyphosis (convex)
93
shoulder landmarks
•acromion process
•greater tubercle of humerus
•coracoid process of scapula
*important for IM injections
94
acetabulum
* hip joint/socket
| * where femoral head articulates
95
tibiotalar joint
* ankle
| * hinge
96
medial/lateral malleolus
* bony prominences on either side of ankle
* medial- distal tibia
* lateral- distal fibula
97
behind medial malleolus
•posterior tibialis artery
98
goal for pt w/ musculoskeletal problems
* focus on ID specific problem
* alleviate pain
* prevent complications
99
sprain
•swollen or tender
100
dislocation
•joint misaligned
101
fracture
•bone misaligned
102
ortolani maneuver
* physical examination of infants for developmental dysplasia of hip
* tests for posterior dislocation of hip
* positive if hear clunk when femoral head relocates into acetabulum
103
First assessment when pt reports injured swollen knee?
•compare swollen knee to the other
104
order of musculoskeletal exam
1. ) inspect
2. ) palpate
3. ) ROM
4. ) strength testing- apply opposing force
105
active range of motion
* done by pt
| * able to stabilize body area proximal to joint moving
106
passive ROM
* done by nurse
* pt has limited stabilization of body area proximal to joint moving
* nurse anchors joint w/ one hand and moves it with the other
107
testing for muscle strength
•apply opposing force while pt flex or extends
108
grading of muscle strength
* 0- no strength
* 1- slight ctx- trace
* 2- slight ctx; no movement
* 3- movement against gravity
* 4 movement against gravity w/ some resist
* 5- full ROM w/ gravity and against resistance (normal strength)
109
ROM expected at TMJ
* open mouth max
| * protrude lower jaw and move side to side
110
ROM expected at cervical spine
* chin to chest
* lift chin
* ear to each shoulder
* turn chin to shoulder
111
ROM expected at shoulder
* arms forward and up
* arm behind back and hands up
* arms to side and up over head
* touch hands behind head
112
ROM expected at elbow
* flex/extend
| * pronate/supinate
113
ROM expected at wrist/hand
* flex/extend hand/fingers
* supinate/pronate
* spread fingers
* make fist
* touch thumb to each finger
114
ROM expected at acetabulum
* raise leg
* knee to chest
* flex hip & knee
* swing foot out/in
* swing legs lat./med.
* stand and swing leg back
115
ROM expected at knee
•bend/extend
116
ROM expected at ankle/foot
* dorsiflex/extend toes
* inversion/eversion of foot
* flex/straighten toes
117
ROM expected at spine
* bend sideways, back, forward
| * twist shoulders to each side
118
gait assessment
•observe for erect head and symmetry of shoulders, scapulae, iliac crests when pt stands w/ feet together
•observe person walking 10-20 ft
•observe mobility, balance, coordination, etc
*important when predicting fall risk
119
usual gait
* oppositional swinging of arms/legs
* width of 5-7 inches
* length 12 inches
* width increase w/ step
120
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
•chronic inflammation of joints
121
osteoarthritis
* degenerative joint dz
* noninflammatory
* localized, progressive dz
122
osteoporosis
* decrease in skeletal bone mass
* reabsorption of bone > formation
* more common in small frame women, Asian, and whites
123
dislocated shoulder
* usually anterior dislocation
* hunched shoulder and limited arm abduction
* due to trauma, falling, throwing, heavy lifting
124
gouty arthritis at elbow
* redness and heat
| * bulge
125
epicondylitis
* tennis elbow
| * pain at lateral epicondyle that radiates down
126
ulnar deviation (drift)
* swelling of metacarpophalangeal joints
* causes fingers to be displaced and bend toward pinky
* secondary to rheumatoid arthritis
127
ganglion cyst
* benign tumor at dorsum of wrist
* soft, non-tender
* more prominent w/ flextion
128
carpal tunnel
* compression of median nerve inside carpal tunnel of wrist
* burning/pain/numb on 1st 3.5 digits
* more common in women
129
talipes equionovarus
* clubfoot
| * foot turns in and down
130
myelomeningocele
* birth defect in which the backbone and spinal canal do not close before birth
* meninges stick out
131
spina bifida occulta
•bones of spine don't close, but spinal chord and meninges remain in place under skin
132
meningoceles
•tissue covering spinal cord sticks out of spin, but the spinal cord remains in place
133
functional scoliosis
* structurally normal spine that appears to have a lateral curve
* temporary change of spinal curvature
* caused by leg length diff, inflammatory conditions, muscle spasms
* corrected by treating the underlying issue
134
structural scoliosis
* fixed curve of vertebrae
| * referred if > 7°
135
cultural variations musculoskeletal
* AA more dense and less prone to osteoporosis
| * Asians/Caucasians greater risk for osteoporosis
136
gender variations musculoskeletal
* men have larger/stronger bones
| * men less prone to osteoporosis
137
musculoskeletal infant
* complete skeleton at 3 months gestation (cartilage)
| * C-shaped spine at birth
138
musculoskeletal preggo
* lordosis
| * waddling gait
139
older adult musculoskeletal
* decreased height (40-43)
* decreased bone deposition (30)
* arms/legs same length
* muscle atrophy
* osteoporosis
* kyphosis
140
which part of the brain is responsible for coordination of movement and maintaining the body upright in space
•cerebellum
141
central nervous system
•brain and spinal cord
142
peripheral nervous system
•cranial, motor, and sensory neurons
143
consciousness
•depends on interaction b/t cerebral hemispheres and reticular activating system (arousal) in diencephalon
144
neuron
•nerve cell
145
gray matter
•neuronal cell bodies
146
white matter
* myelinated axons
| * carries nerve impulses quickly
147
voluntary nerve fibers
* connect CNS to muscles and skin
| * facilitate deliberate motor actions in response to stimuli
148
involuntary (autonomic) nerve fibers
•connect CNS through autonomic pathways to visceral organs, smooth muscle, and glands
149
cerebral cortex
* thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, voluntary movement
* center for hight fxn
* 2 hemispheres
150
right hemisphere cerebral cortex
•abstract though, music, color, shapes
151
left hemisphere cerebral cortex
* logic, math, speech
| * dominant in 95% of people
152
frontal lobe
* orientation
* personality
* insight
* emotion
* intellect
* language
* motor fxn
153
parietal lobe
* sensation
* pain
* L lobe- language
154
temporal lobe
•auditory
155
Wernicke's area
* L temporal lobe
* language comprehension
* damage- hear, but can't understand language (RECEPTIVE aphasia)
156
Broca's area
* L frontal lobe
* motor speech
* damage- understand, but can't talk right (EXPRESSIVE aphasia)
157
basal ganglia
* automatic movement
* damage/lesions in parkinsons
* Ex: walking
158
thalamus
•processes sensory impulses and relays to cortex
159
hypothalamus
* maintains homeostasis
* regulates HR, temp, BP, sleep, emotion, pit. regulation, ANS
* secretes hormones that act on pituitary
160
cerebellum
* voluntary motor coordination
* equilibrium/balance
* muscle tone
161
brain stem
* midbrain, pons, medulla
* contains all ascending and descending fibers
* ANS
162
spinal cord
* connect brain to spinal nerves
* mediates reflexes
* hwy for afferent/efferent fibers
163
sit of lumbar puncture
* L3-4 or L-45 spaces
| * below spinal cord
164
damage to area of spinal cord
•results in damage to all areas below site of injury
| *damage at C3 or above requires ventilator
165
CN I
•olfactory
166
CN II
* optic
| * visual acuity/confrontation tests
167
CN III
* oculomotor
* extra ocular movement/pupil tests
* EYE MOVEMENT/PUPIL RESPONSE
168
CN IV
* trochlear
* extra ocular movement/pupil tests
* EYE MOVEMENT
169
CN V
* trigeminal
* jaw
* face touch
* cornea reflex
170
CN VI
* abducens
* extra ocular movement/pupil tests
* EYE MOVEMENT
171
CN VII
* facial
* smile/frown
* close eyes
* move brows
* puff cheeks
172
CN VIII
* vestibulocochlear
| * whisper, Rinne, Weber tests
173
CN IX
* glossopharyngeal
* taste
* gag
* raise uvula (ahhh test)
* smooth voice
* SWALLOWING
174
CN X
* vagus
* visceral, swallowing, speech
* SWALLOWING
175
CN XI
* accessory
* neck movement
* hand to cheek/shoulders
* SWALLOWING
176
CN XII
* hypoglossal
* tongue
* light, tight, dynamite
* SWALLOWING
177
sensory neurons
* afferent
| * from stimulus to CNS
178
motor neurons
* efferent
| * from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, etc)
179
peripheral nervous system
* 31 pairs of nerves attach to spinal cord (8C; 12T; 5L; 5S; 1C)
* nerves contain both motor and sensory fibers
180
ventral (anterior) root
* PNS
| * motor fibers
181
dorsal (posterior) root
* PNS
| * sensory fibers
182
corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
* motor pwy
* smooth voluntary movement
* skilled/complicated movement
* delicate movement
* Ex: writing
183
basal ganglia system
* motor pwy
* maintain muscle tone
* control body movement
184
cerebellar system
* motor pwy
* sensory/motor input
* coordinates motor activity
* posture
185
extrapyramidal tract
* motor pwy
* primitive voluntary movement
* Ex: walking
186
spinothalamic tract
* sensory pwy
* transmits sensations of pain, temp, touch
* cotton wisp test
187
dorsal (posterior) columns
* sensory pwy
* transmit sensations of position, vibration, fine touch
* proprioception
* kinesthesia
* stereognosis
* graphesthesia
188
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
* PSNS- rest and digest
| * SNS- fight or flight
189
upper motor neuron damage
* within CNS
| * CVA, cerebral palsy, MS
190
lower motor neuron damage
* within PNS
* spinal cord injury
* polio
* Lou Gehrigs
* ALS
191
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
* progressive degeneration of motor neurons
| * eventually leads paralysis
192
reflex arc
* PNS
* involuntary defense mechanism
* motor and sensory neuron directly synapse w/ each other
193
deep tendon reflex arc
•patellar
194
superficial reflex arc
•corneal reflex
195
visceral reflex arc
•pupil response
196
pathologic reflex arc
•only present with neural problem
197
spinal reflexes
* deep tendon responses
* tap tendon of partially stretched muscle
* abnormal response helps locate pathologic lesion
198
aging adult NS
* general atrophy of neurons
* rxn time slower
* diminished special senses
* decrease cerebral blood flow (fall risk)
* no change in mental ability, unless dementia
199
dysarthria
* difficulty w/ motor aspect of speech
* slurred, slow speech
* rapid mumbling
* drooling
* abnormal rhythm
200
screening neurologic exam
* mental status
* CNs
* motor system
* sensory system
* reflexes
201
CN portion neurologic exam
* visual acuity (II)
* pupillary light reflex (III)
* eye movement (III, IV, VI)
* hearing (XIII)
* facial strength (V, VII)
202
motor system portion neurologic exam
* strength
* gait
* coordination
203
sensory portion neurologic exam
* light touch
* pain/temp
* proprioception
204
reflex portion neurologic exam
* DTRs
| * plantar response
205
Romberg test
* balance
| * POSITIVE if pt stands well w/ eyes open but loses balance when closed
206
pronator drift test
* balance
* feet together, arms up, eyes closed
* when tapped briskly, arms should move back horizontal smoothly
207
gait test
* balance
* walk 10 ft and back
* tandem walk (heel-toe)
208
coordination & skilled movements test
* RAM
* thumb to fingers
* finger to finger
* heel to skin
209
peripheral neuropathy
* nerve damage
* caused by chronic disorders (diabetes, alcoholism, nutrient deficiency)
* initial pain, tingling, burning, etc
* lose ability to feel heat, cold, pain, vibration
210
DTR ratings
```
4+: very brisk w/ clonus
3+: brisker than avg
2+: normal
1+: diminished
0: absent
```
211
reinforcement
* DTR test
* using isometric ctx of other muscles
* engaging some muscles, while rlxing the ones being tested
212
achilles reflex
* foot should push on hand and calf muscle flex when strike
| * ankle jerk
213
patellar reflex
* should kick and feel thigh contract when strike
| * knee jerk
214
biceps reflex
* hold your own thumb on bicep and strike thumb
| * bicep should contract
215
triceps reflex
* strike posterior arm jus above elbow
| * arm should swing away from body
216
Babinski response
* plantar response
* dorsiflexion when lat. plantar stimulated
* POSITIVE if toes flare back (concerned)
217
Neurologic check
•done if head injury or dz
1. ) LOC- A&O x 3
2. ) motor fxn- grasp fingers
3. ) pupillary light response
4. ) vital signs
5. ) speech
218
assessing comatose
1. ) ABCs
2. ) LOC
3. ) examine
* DONT dilate pupils or flex neck
219
alertness
* LOC
* pt opens eyes, looks at you, responds appropriately
* speak in normal voice
220
lethargy
* LOC
* drowsy, but opens eyes, looks at you, responds, back to sleep
* speak loudly
221
obtundation
* LOC
* opens eyes and looks, responds slowly, alertness decreased
* shake pt
222
stupor
* LOC
* only wake w/ pain, verbal response slow/absent, unresponsive when stimulus cease, minimal awareness
* apply painful stimulus (sternal rub)
223
coma
* LOC
* unarousable, eyes closed, no response to stimuli
* apply repeated painful stimuli
224
Glasgow Coma Scale
* used to asses comatose status
* scored on eye opening, verbal response, motor response
* higher score -> better
* max score is 15
225
stroke warning signs
* sudden numb/weak face, arm, leg
* sudden confusion, trouble speaking/understanding
* sudden trouble walking, dizziness, LO coordination/balance
* sudden vision change
* sudden severe headache
226
mini-mental state examination (MMSE)
* brief test to screen for cognitive dysfunction or dementia
| * tests orientation to time, registration, naming, reading
227
cranial nerves swallowing
* glossopharyngeal (IX)
* vagus (X)
* accessory (XI)
* hypoglossal (XII)
228
cranial nerves eye movement
* oculomotor (III)
* trochlear (IV)
* abducens (VI)
229
CN to test if mouth drooping
* trigeminal (V)
| * facial (VII)
230
spastic hemi-paralysis
* abnormal gait due to stroke
* poor control of flexors
* flexed/immobile affected arm
* extensors on affected leg are spastic
* ankle/toes flexed and inverted
231
cerebellar ataxia
* abnormal gait due to cerebellar abnormality
* staggering
* wide
* unsteady w/ eyes open AND closed
* can't stand w/ feet together
232
scissors gait
* abnormal gait due to spinal cord dz
* bilateral lower ex. spasticity
* stiff, slow movement w/ thigh crossing
233
steppage gait
* abnormal gait due to peripheral motor dz
| * drag feet or lift high w/ slap on ground
234
parkinson's gait
* abnormal gait due to parkinson's dz
* stooped posture
* slow start
* short steps/shuffling
235
sensory ataxia
* abnormal gait due to post. column damage
* unsteady/wide stance w/ eyes closed ONLY
* exaggerated steps
236
signs of past stroke
* uvula deviated toward opp. side of throat
* paralysis on opp. side (atony)
* drooping facial features
* spastic hemi-paralysis
237
FAST
```
•recognize stroke
Face
Arms
Speech
Time
```
238
causes of stroke
* clot
| * hemorrhage
239
Bell's Palsy
* lesion of CN 7
| * temporary facial paralysis
240
The awareness of personal identity, place, and time are referred to as
orientation
241
Patients who are drowsy but open their eyes and look at you, respond to questions, and then fall asleep are referred to as
lethargic
